1、1第 4讲 情态动词与虚拟语气1Its strange that he have taken the books without the owners permission.(2018江苏,24)Awould BshouldCcould Dmight答案 B解析 句意为:很奇怪,他竟然未经主人同意就拿走了那些书。此处 should作情态动词,表示“竟然” ,符合句意,故选 B。2There is a good social life in the village,and I wish I a second chance to become more involved.(2018江苏,27)Ah
2、ad Bwill haveCwould have had Dhave had答案 A解析 句意为:在这个村子里社交生活良好,我希望我能再有机会更多地参与其中。I wish后接从句,从句要用虚拟语气。叙述与现在事实相反的假设,从句谓语用 did(be动词用were);叙述与过去事实相反的假设,从句谓语用 had done;叙述与将来事实相反的假设,从句谓语用 would/could do。由语境可知,此处叙述与现在事实相反的假设,故选 A。3In todays information age,the loss of data cause serious problems for a compan
3、y.(2018北京,12)Aneed Bshould2Ccan Dmust答案 C解析 根据句意可知应该选 C项。can 在此表示可能性,意为“可能,会” 。need 需要;should应该;must 必须,以上三者均不符合句意。句意为:在如今这个信息时代,数据的丢失可能会给一个公司带来严重的问题。4They might have found a better hotel if they a few more kilometers.(2018北京,13)Adrove Bwould driveCwere to drive Dhad driven答案 D解析 根据主句的谓语形式以及语境可知,if
4、条件句应该用过去完成时,表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的结构:主句谓语用“should/would/could/mighthave done” ,从句谓语用“had过去分词” 。5I cant find my purse.I it in the supermarket yesterday,but Im not sure.(2018天津,10)Ashould leave Bmust have leftCmight leave Dcould have left答案 D解析 句意为:我找不到我的钱包了。我昨天可能把它落在了超市里,但我不确定。根据句中的时间状语 yesterd
5、ay可知空格处是对过去发生事情的推测,需用“情态动词have done”,B、D 两项符合;再根据句中的 but Im not sure排除 B项“一定落在” ,故选 D项。若 C项改为 might have left,也是正确的。6If we the flight yesterday,we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.(2018天津,15)Ahad caught BcaughtChave caught Dwould catch答案 A解析 句意为:如果我们昨天赶上了航班的话,我们现在就在海滩上享受假期了。根据前半句中的时间状语
6、 yesterday以及后半部分中的 would be enjoying及时间状语 now可知,这是一个错综时间条件句。从句表示与过去事实相反的假设,故用“had动词的过去分词” 。7Do you have Bettys phone number?Yes.Otherwise,I able to reach her yesterday.(2017天津,15)3Ahadnt been Bwouldnt have beenCwerent Dwouldnt be答案 B解析 句意为:你有贝蒂的电话号码吗?有。不然我昨天就联系不上她了。由空前的 otherwise及句意可知应用虚拟语气,此处表示与过去事
7、实相反的情况,谓语动词用would have done,故选 B项。8If it for his invitation the other day,I should not be here now.(2016江苏,27)Ahad not been Bshould not beCwere not to be Dshould not have been答案 A解析 句意为:如果不是他前几天邀请我,我现在就不会在这里了。根据句子结构和句意可知,此处为虚拟语气,再结合时间状语 the other day可知,这是对过去行为的虚拟,故if从句要用过去完成时。诊断报告考向 对应题号 我的薄弱环节情态动词
8、1,3,5虚拟语气 2,4,6,7,8解题方法方法 1 意义判断法所谓意义判断法就是分析语境并确定应填情态动词的含义。因此熟练掌握每个情态动词的意义和用法是做题的前提。方法 2 句型判断法有些情态动词需要用在特定的句型中,如 may表示推测时,往往用在肯定或否定句中;must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中。运用此法就是通过分析所给句子的句型特点,选用具有特定句型特点的情态动词。方法 3 语气判断法情态动词主要表示说话人的语气、情感或态度,所以在解答此类试题时,一定要注意说话者的语气(这也是解题的难点),这就要求正确理解句子,从说话者的角度去考虑问题,结合具体的语境来分析和判断,最后确定所需情态动词
9、是否符合特定的情感需要。方法 4 人称判断法有些情态动词在表达某个意义时,要与特定的人称连用,这为我们选择正确答案提供了方向。4方法 5 特定词汇、句型提示法虚拟语气可以用在状语从句、名词性从句、定语从句中,在不同的从句中,虚拟语气用不同的动词形式来体现,如 if非真实条件句(分三种情形),wish 后的宾语从句等。所以,掌握了各类从句中虚拟语气的动词形式,就基本上掌握了虚拟语气的用法。另外,某些词、句如if it were not for/had not been for,but for.,if only.,without 等,往往也要采用虚拟语气。考点 1 情态动词的基本用法 1My bo
10、ok, The House of Hades,is missing.Who have taken it? Aneed BmustCshould Dcould答案 D解析 第二句句意为:可能是谁把它拿走了呢?could 可表示说话者主观猜测的“可能” ,此时用于否定句和疑问句中,符合题意。need 需要;must 一定,肯定,表猜测时通常只用于肯定句;should 多指预期的事,常译为“按道理说应该” 。2They are said to have been familiar with each other.But they .They were introduced only hours ag
11、o.Amay not have been Bcouldnt have beenCmustnt have been Dneednt have been答案 B解析 句意为:据说他们互相之间已经非常熟悉了。但是不可能啊。他们几小时前才被介绍认识的。根据句意可知这是对过去情况的否定推测,应用 couldnt have done表示“过去不可能做了某事” 。3Life is unpredictable;even the poorest become the richest.Ashall BmustCneed Dmight答案 D解析 句意为:生活是难以预料的,甚至是最穷的人都有可能变成最富的人。mig
12、ht 表示比较小的可能性,常用于肯定句和否定句中,符合题意,故选 D项。shall 表示将来时态,或命令、允诺、威胁等强烈语气;must 一定;need 需要,均不合题意。4Samuel,the tallest boy in our class, easily reach the books on the top shelf.(2017北京,21)5Amust BshouldCcan Dneed答案 C解析 句意为:我们班最高的男孩塞缪尔能(can)轻松地够到顶层架子上的书。此处表示能力,要用 can。must 必须;should 应当,应该;need 需要。5It was really an
13、noying;I get access to the data bank you had recommended.Awouldnt BcouldntCshouldnt Dneednt答案 B解析 句意为:真烦人,我无权使用你推荐的资料库。couldnt 意为“不能” ,符合语境。wouldnt不愿意;shouldnt 不应该;neednt 没必要。6My room is a mess,but I clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning.(2017天津,2)Adarent BshouldntCneednt Dmust
14、nt答案 C解析 句意为:我的房间很乱,不过今晚在我出去之前,我没必要(neednt)打扫它。我可以在(明天)早晨打扫。darent 不敢;shouldnt 不应该;mustnt 不准。7I have worried before I came to the new school,for my classmates here are very friendly to me.Amightnt BmustntCneednt Dcouldnt答案 C解析 句意为:在来到新学校前我本不必担心,因为在新学校我的同班同学对我很友好。neednt have done sth.本没必要做某事,符合题意。考点归
15、纳(一)基本用法1表示肯定推测时 mustwillwouldought toshouldcancouldmaymight。2表示否定推测时 cant语气最强,意为“不可能” ;may/might/could not 的语气较弱,意为“可能不” 。(mustnt 不表示否定推测,而表示“禁止,不能” 。)3表示推测时,must 只能用在肯定句中;may 和 might往往用在肯定句和否定句中;can和 could可用于各种句式,can 用于肯定句中时,有时表示“一时的可能性或暂时的可能性”。64 “情态动词do”表示对目前动作的推测;“情态动词be doing”表示对正在发生的动作的推测;“情态
16、动词have done”表示对过去发生的动作的推测。(二)may 和 might的用法1表示许可。表示请求允许时,might 比 may的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时要用 mustnt,表示“不可以” “禁止” 。(1)You may drive the car.你可以驾驶这辆车。(2)Might I use your pen?No,you mustnt.我能用你的钢笔吗?不,你不能。2表示推测、可能(常用于肯定句中)。 He may be very busy now.现在他可能很忙。3用于祈使句中表示祝愿。May you succeed!祝你成功!(三)can 和 could的用法1表示能力,
17、could 是 can 的过去式。(1)Can you speak English? 你会说英语吗?(2)Could you speak English then? 那时候你会说英语吗?2表示请求允许,可用 can或 could,could 语气较委婉;表示给予允许,一般只用 can,而不能用 could。Could/Can I use your pen?Yes,of course you can.我可以借用你的钢笔吗?当然可以。3can 表推测时,通常只用于否定句或疑问句;有时也用于肯定句中,表示理论上的可能性,或表示“有时可能会”之意。(1)Why does he know this? C
18、an someone have told him about it?他怎么知道?会是哪个人告诉他了吗?(2)It can be very cold in Scotland.苏格兰天气有时会很冷的。(四)need,dare 的用法71need 表示“需要” ,作情态动词时,常用于否定句或疑问句中。用于疑问句中时,肯定回答要用 must。 “neednt have过去分词”结构表示“本来不必做某事而实际上做了” 。(1)You neednt come so early.你不必来这么早。(2)You neednt have waited for me.你本来没有必要等我的。2dare 作情态动词用时
19、,常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,过去式形式为 dared。(1)How dare you say Im unfair!你怎么敢说我不公平!(2)He darent speak English before such a crowd.他不敢在这么多人面前说英语。3dare 和 need作实义动词用时, 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中,dare 后面常接带 to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中,dare 后面可接带 to或不带 to的不定式。而 need后面只能接带 to的不定式。考点 2 情态动词的特殊用法1I still remember my happy childhood when m
20、y mother take me to Disneyland at weekends.Amight BmustCwould Dshould答案 C解析 此题考查的是 would表示过去的习惯性动作,可译为“过去常常” 。句意为:我仍旧记得我快乐的童年,那时我的母亲常在周末带我去迪士尼乐园。2Just as we were sitting down to have dinner,the telephone ring.Amust BcouldCmight Dneed答案 A解析 must 在此表示说话人的愿望或感到不耐烦,意为“偏要” 。句意为:正当我们要坐下来吃饭时,偏偏电话铃响了。3It wa
21、s sad to me that they,so poor themselves, bring me food.Amight Bwould Cshould Dcould答案 C解析 句意为:让我难为情的是,他们自己那么穷,竟然还要给我带吃的。should 可表示说话人的惊奇、愤怒、失望等特殊情感,此处意为“竟然” ,表惊讶。84According to the new school regulations,the students be forbidden to go out beyond 1030 at night.Amust BshallCmay Dcan 答案 B解析 句意为:根据新的校
22、规,晚上超过十点半学生禁止外出。shall 表示法律条约、规章制度等规定的内容。意为“应该,必须” 。考点归纳(一)would 的用法would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would 表示过去习惯时比 used to正式,且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。(1)He would come to have a chat with us when he was free.他有空时,常会过来跟我们聊天。(2)He used to live in a cottage near the river.他过去常住在河边的一座小木房里。(二)must 的用法must用在条件句或疑问句中,有时表示固执坚持,意
23、为“一定要,非得要” 。(1)Must you make that dreadful noise?你非要弄出这讨厌的噪音吗?(2)If you must go,take my umbrella.如果你非要走,就带上我的伞。(三)shall 的用法1shall 用于主语为第二、三人称的陈述句中,表示说话者(而非句子主语)给对方的一种允诺、威胁、命令、警告等。(1)You shall have a lot of money.你会有很多钱的。(允诺)(2)You shall arrive there before sunset.你们要在日落前到达那里。(命令)(3)She shall get wha
24、t she deserves.她会有报应的。(警告)2shall 用于主语为第三人称的陈述句中,表示条约、规章、法令等中的义务或规定,常译为“应,必须” 。(1)All members shall contribute to the fund needed for carrying on such 9activities.所有成员都要捐助进行这一类活动所需要的经费。(2)Visitors shall not pick flowers.游客不得攀折花木。3在下列句型中的 that从句里常用 should,把 that从句的情景看成是可能存在的,也就是说,对从句表达的情景表示怀疑、惊讶、忧虑、惋惜
25、、欢喜等,翻译时,常加上“竟然”两字。Im surprised/sorry/satisfied/glad/afraid/anxious/worried.that.I think it important/a pity.that.I cannot imagine/believe.that.It worries me/astonishes me.that.It is proper/likely/probable/possible.that.(1)Im surprised that he should feel lonely.他竟然会感到孤独,真使我惊讶。(2)It is astonishing t
26、hat he should have committed the same mistake.他竟犯了相同的错误,真令人吃惊。考点 3 考查固定结构中情态动词的用法His way of addressing one hard problem last Friday lead to the rise of another.Awould rather Bmay wellCshall Dneed答案 B解析 句意为:他上周五处理一个难题的方法很有可能导致另一个难题的出现。may well do sth.很可能做某事,为固定搭配。考点归纳1cannot/never.too/enough.再也不过分,越越
27、好2cant help/choose but do.只好做3cant but do.不得不做4cant help doing.情不自禁做5it cant be helped 实在没办法;无法避免6more than sb.can.非某人所能7may/might well do.很有可能做某事8may/might as well do.不妨做;还是做的好10考点 4 虚拟语气1If the new safety system to use, the accident would never have happened.(2017北京,34)Ahad been put Bwere putCshou
28、ld be put Dwould be put答案 A解析 句意为:要是新的安全系统被投入使用了的话,这起事故就不会发生了。此处表示与过去事实相反的情况,所以从句谓语用过去完成时,选 A项。2 not for the support of the teachers,the student could not overcome her difficulty.(2017江苏,22)AIt were BWere itCIt was DWas it答案 B解析 句意为:如果没有老师们的支持,这名学生不可能战胜困难。此处表示与现在事实相反的假设,从句谓语用 were;在非真实条件句中,如果有 shoul
29、d,had 或 were时,可以省略 if,而把 should,had 或 were提至主语前,形成部分倒装,故选 B项。3Without his wartime experiences,Hemingway his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.Adidnt write Bhadnt written Cwouldnt write Dwouldnt have written答案 D解析 句意为:要是没有战争时的经历,海明威就不会写出他的著名小说永别了,武器 。该句使用了含有 without的含蓄虚拟语气,由语境知,这里是对过去情况的假设,因此主句谓语用“woul
30、d/could/should/mighthave done” ,故 D项正确。4It is lucky we booked a room,or we nowhere to stay now.Ahad Bhad hadCwould have Dwould have had答案 C解析 句意为:很幸运我们订了一个房间,否则我们现在将无处可住。or 引导含蓄虚拟条件句,根据“now”可知,是对现在的情况进行虚拟,因此用“would动词原形” ,故选C。5Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I as well as her.11Adance Bwill danceCh
31、ad danced Ddanced答案 D解析 句意为:埃伦是一位了不起的舞蹈家。要是我能跳得像她一样好那该有多好啊!I wish后接从句,从句用虚拟语气。叙述与现在事实相反的情况时,谓语动词用过去式(be用 were);叙述与将来事实相反的情况时,谓语动词用 could/should/would/might do;叙述与过去事实相反的情况时,谓语动词用 had done。由语境可知,此处叙述的是与现在事实相反的情况,故谓语动词用过去式,选 D项。6We would rather our daughter at home with us,but it is her choice,and she
32、 is not a child any longer.Awould stay Bhas stayedCstayed Dstay答案 C解析 would rather后跟宾语从句时,从句用虚拟语气,即从句谓语动词用过去式表示与现在或将来事实相反;用“had过去分词”表示与过去事实相反。根据后一句中的 is可知,此处表示与现在或将来事实相反,故此处动词应用过去式,故选 C项。7It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I it?Ahad done Bhave doneCdid Dam doing答案 A解析 句
33、意为:是约翰打坏了窗户。为什么你说得好像是我打坏了似的?题中 broke表示“打坏窗户”发生在“过去” 。as if/though后面的从句用 had done表示对“过去”的虚拟。故 A项正确。考点归纳(一)if 条件句的虚拟语气时间 虚拟条件句谓语动词 主句谓语动词与过去事实相反 had done would/could/should/might have done与现在事实相反 did/were would/could/should/might do与将来事实相反 did/werewere to doshould dowould/could/should/might do12(二)if
34、省略句1当 if引导的虚拟条件句中的谓语动词含有 had,should,were 时,可将 if省略,而将had,should,were 置于句首,采用倒装结构。If you had left home earlier,you would have caught the bus.Had you left home earlier,you would have caught the bus.如果你早点从家中出门,你就能赶上汽车了。 2若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,不能用谓语动词的省略形式。 Were it not for the expense,I would go abroad no
35、w.要不是考虑到花销,我现在可能都出国了。(三)含蓄条件句用介词(短语)代替条件状语从句,常用的介词(短语)有 without,but for,but that,otherwise,or,but 等。 (1)Without your help,we could not have succeeded.没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得成功。 (2)But for electricity,there would be no modern industry.要是没有电,就没有现代产业。 (3)He felt very tired yesterday,or he would have attended th
36、e party.他昨天太累了,否则他会参加派对的。 (四)wish 后的宾语从句wish后的宾语从句中分别用过去式、过去完成式和“could/would动词原形”表示与现在、过去和将来情况相反。(1)I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。(2)He wished he hadnt said that.他希望他没讲过那样的话。(3)I wish it would rain tomorrow.我希望明天下雨。(五)特殊句式would rather.过去时(与现在或将来相反)/过去完成时(与过去相反)Id rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿
37、你明天来。(六)as if 从句在 as if 从句中,常用虚拟形式,即表示与现在事实相反,用过去式;与过去事实相反,用过去完成式 (had done)。(1)She looks after the boy as if he were her own son.13她照顾这男孩就像对自己的儿子一样。 (2)She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.她谈论那部影片,就好像她确实看过一样。拓展延伸1当条件句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,被称作“错综时间条件句” ,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。 If
38、 you had studied hard before,you would be a college student now.如果你以前用功学习了的话,你现在就是一名大学生了。 2虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用 demand,suggest,order,insist 等表命令、建议、要求后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“(should)动词原形。We suggested that Tom (should) have a rest.我们建议汤姆去休息一下。在 It is necessary/important/strange that.;It is suggested/demanded/ordered
39、/requested that.等从句中,谓语动词用“(should)动词原形” 。(1)It is important that we (should) master a foreign language.掌握一门外语很重要。(2)Its suggested that the plan (should) be carried out.人们建议执行这个计划。试比较:It is strange that he had made a mistake.(陈述一个事实:他犯了错误让人感到奇怪。)It is strange that he (should) have made a mistake.(虚拟
40、语气,说话者是在责备他本不应该犯错。)3在 idea,advice,order,demand,request 等表命令、建议、要求的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中,其谓语动词用“(should)动词原形” 。(1)My demand is that she (should) come to see me once a week.我要求她一周来看我一次。(2)All of us are for the advice that the chemical factory (should) be closed down.我们都支持关闭化工厂的建议。4Its (high/about) time that
41、主语过去时/should do(should不可省略),意为“到了某人做的时候了” 。It is high time that we went to bed/should go to bed.到了我们睡觉的时候了。141Whats your opinion about the requirement that an MBA student working experience?(2018全国大联考江苏卷,26)Ahas Bwill haveChave Dwould have答案 C解析 句意为:你对工商管理硕士需要有工作经验的要求如何看待?requirement 后边是that 引导的同位语从
42、句,从句中谓语动词应用“should动词原形” ,should 可以省略,故选 C。2Held inside for too long,regret affect the immune system.(2018南京三模,22)Amust BcanCshould Dshall答案 B解析 can 表推测时通常用于否定句和疑问句,但 can 有时也用于肯定句中表示推测,表示理论上的可能性,即从理论上或逻辑上分析是可能的。句意为:懊悔在心里忍太久,也会影响免疫系统。故选 B。3Listen!Lucy is singing in our dormitory.It be Lucy.She went ho
43、me half an hour ago.Acant BmustntCmay not Dshouldnt答案 A解析 根据句意“她半小时前回家了”可知此处表示“不可能”的意思。否定句中表示“不可能”用 cant。4Lucas failed his driving test again. harder,he the test now.(2018泰州中学高三期中)AIf he practiced;would passBHad he practiced;would passCDid he follow;would have passedDShould he practice;would have pa
44、ssed答案 B解析 句意为:卢卡斯驾驶考试又没有通过,如果他努力练习的话,现在他就能通过考试了。根据 failed可知从句与过去的事实相反,if 从句要用过去完成时,可以把 if省略,had 提15前,用倒装句形式;根据 now可知主句与现在事实相反,用“would动词原形” 。故选 B。5Were it not for the fact that he his work,he enjoying himself by the seaside.Acompleted;wouldnt have beenBhad completed;wouldnt have beenChas completed;w
45、ouldnt beDcompletes;wouldnt be答案 C解析 句意为:要不是因为他已经完成了工作的事实,他现在不会在海边放松自己。第一空:fact后是同位语从句,表示的动作已经完成,且是陈述事实,用现在完成时;第二空:表示与现在事实相反,主句用“would动词原形” ,故选 C。6Why didnt you call me then?Oh,my cell-phone was power off.I you otherwise.(2018南京高淳区、淮海中学等 97校联考,25)Awould call Bhad calledChave called Dwould have calle
46、d答案 D解析 句意为:为什么当时你不给我打电话?哦,我的手机没电了。否则的话我会给你打的。此处相当于 if条件状语从句中与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,主句用“would/should/could/mighthave过去分词” ,指如果我手机当时有电的话我会给你打的。故选 D。7Its too bad that my computer has got a new virus.If only I that programme! (2018如东中学高三上期中,34)Adidnt run Bhavent runChadnt run Dwouldnt run答案 C解析 句意为:真糟糕,我的电脑中了新的病
47、毒。要是我没有运行那个程序就好了。此处表示与过去的事实相反的假设,所以用过去完成时态,故答案为 C。8Sixty decades on,the presenter (Queen Elizabeth ) has evolved somewhat,as has the technology she described.Back then,who that people would one day be watching this on laptops and mobile phones,as some of you are today? Amust have imaginedBmay have i
48、magined16Cwould have imaginedDneed have imagined答案 C解析 句意为:六十年过去了,演讲者(伊丽莎白二世)也像她所描述的技术那样, “升级”了一些。那时候,有谁能想象到,有一天人们会从笔记本电脑和手机上观看这则视频,就像今天你们中的一部分人这样?根据语境可知,此处表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,主句用“would have过去分词” 。 “must have过去分词”表示对过去的肯定性推测,意为“准是/一定(已经)了” ;“may have过去分词”表示对过去的推测,意为“可能/也许(已经)了” ;“need have过去分词”表示本需要做某事而实际上没做。故选 C。9The 60th Grammy nomination list was suspiciously male d