1、1第四讲动词动词是历年高考的必考点，对动词有关知识的掌握是考生在语法填空和短文改错两种题型中得高分的关键。动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语形式的变化(如时态、语态和虚拟语气)、非谓语形式的变化(如不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词)及主谓一致。语法填空和短文改错两种题型对动词的考查基本围绕动词的上述形式变化而设题。谓语动词的形式变化主要有时态、语态、语气和主谓一致。语法填空主要考查形式为给出提示词动词，主要考查时态、语态和主谓一致(语法一致、意义一致和就近一致)；短文改错主要考查这三种形式的误用。虚拟语气虽然在语法填空与短文改错中鲜有考查，但在写作中属于高级句式，它的合理运用能给作文增色添彩，因此
2、在二轮备考中，考生也应加强对这一部分知识的学习。(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)My best friend Kaiya is like me. She 1._ (remind) me of myself. In the past, I 2._ (be) never confident because of my appearance. People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hairstyle, etc. At that time, I was the shortest student in my class. I star
3、ted getting depressed. However, someone told me something that I will always remember.It was in March. Surrounded by a group of girls who 3._ (point) at me and laughed at me, I couldnt help crying. The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river. To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wipe
4、d the tears from my eyes.I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li. She said, “You 4._ (be) perfect the way you are. You should never change or hate yourself. People 5._ (accept) you for who you 6._ (be). But if you cannot accept yourself, then how will other people accept you？ ” I 7._ (inspir
5、e) by her words. Over the past few months, I 8._ (learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws. Now I have wonderful friends who 9._ (love) me for who I am.Now, seeing Kaiya cry, I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10._ (tell) me.答案：1.reminds 2.was 3.pointed 4.are 5.will accept 6
6、.are 7.was inspired 8.have learned 9.love 10.told2(二)快捷技法 思考趋向 1 填谓语动词的时态和语态变化提示词是动词，且空格位于主语之后，分析句子成分后发现句中找不到谓语，则所给动词应该作谓语，此时要结合语境考虑动词的时态和语态变化。解题规则1如何确定谓语动词的时态方法(1) 通过“时态定义”解决时态问题准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。方法(2) 通过“标志性时间状语”解决时态问题在题干中，yesterday, tomorrow, always, in the past few years, so far 等都是判断动词时态常用的标志性时
7、间状语，做题时可以通过寻找“标志性时间状语”来判定时态。方法(3) 通过“动作先后关系”解决时态问题当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时，它们的发生时间有一定的先后关系。我们可以根据这种先后关系来判定时态。方法(4) 通过“语境暗示”解决时态问题有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下，通过正确理解语境即通过题干中的语境暗示，也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。方法(5) 通过“常用句式”解决时态问题掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效的方式，因此平时要积累并熟记一些常用句式。2如何确定谓语动词的语态确定谓语动词的语态，需要在弄懂句子基本意思的前提下才能完成。分析语境，弄明白所给动词
8、与其对应的主语之间的逻辑关系是确定谓语动词语态的关键。如果所给动词的主语是这个动作的执行者，该动词就用主动语态；如所给动词的主语是这个动词的承受者，该动词就用被动语态。注意：平时多积累、掌握一些动词(短语)的特殊用法，例如 belong to 不用于进行时和被动语态；date back to/date from 常用于一般现在时等。 思考趋向 2 填谓语动词的主谓一致变化除了要考虑谓语动词的时态和语态的变化外，还要考虑主谓一致的变化。解题规则1可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。2在定语从句中，关系代词 that, who, which 等作主语
9、时，其谓语动词的数应与句3中先行词的数一致。3非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。但 what 引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。4就近原则：由 either .or ., neither .nor ., not only .but (also) .等连接并列主语时，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。5就远原则：主语后跟有 with, together with, as well as, but, except, along with, rather than 等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。6 “every/each 可数名词单数and
10、(every/each)可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。7more than one 或“many a可数名词单数”结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。 思考趋向 3 填谓语动词的虚拟语气变化确定空格处作谓语动词后，除了考虑时态、语态和主谓一致外，还要结合语境考虑动词的虚拟语气变化。解题规则1虚拟语气在非真实条件从句中的用法情况 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词与现在事实相反动词的过去式(be 的过去式用were)should/would/could/might动词原形与过去事实相反 had doneshould/would/could/mighthave done与将来事实相反动词的过去式
11、、should动词原形、were to动词原形should/would/could/might动词原形2.虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用(1)在 suggest, order, demand, command, request, require, insist, desire, urge, recommend 等动词后的宾语从句中，要用“(should )动词原形”来表示愿望、建议、命令、要求等；由上述动词派生或转化的名词的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式。(2)在“It is/was某些形容词/过去分词that 从句”句型中，that 从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语动词为“should动词原
12、形” 。这些形容词有 important, vital, significant, necessary, natural, strange, astonishing, surprising 等。过去分词有 desired, suggested, required, requested, recommended, ordered 等。(3)在“It is (about/high) timethat 从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should动词原形”表示虚拟语气。这个句型中的 should 不可省略。4(4)在 as if/as though 引导的从句及 wish 引导的宾语从句中，与现在事
13、实相反，从句谓语动词用过去式；与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用“had过去分词” ；与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用“would/could动词原形” 。(5)在 would rather 后面的宾语从句中，表示与现在或将来事实相反，从句用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。(一)考点练悟下文中共有 8 处错误，每句中最多有两处。请找出并改正。It was getting dark when I get home. It was cold and I was worn a coat. I walked up to the door and put my hand into my po
14、cket to take out my key but I can not find it. I suddenly remembered that I left it on my desk in the office. It really didnt make any difference. I knew my wife is at home and the children must have come back from school by now, so I knock at the door.There was no answer, so I knocked again. I cont
15、inued knocking at the door for some time. I was getting angry. Then I remembered something the office boy told me at noon. He said that my wife had phoned saying that she will go shopping in the afternoon with the children.There was only one thing for me to do: I had to climb in through a window.答案：
16、第一句：getgot第二句：wornwearing第三句：cancould第四句：left 前加 had第六句：iswas; knockknocked第十句：told 前加 had第十一句：willwould(二)快捷技法 思考趋向 1 检查几种容易错用的时态是否存在错用情况在分析句子成分确定了谓语动词后，如果存在下面的几种时态，要仔细分析比对其用法区别，看是否有时态错用。解题规则1一般现在时与一般过去时的误用若上下文叙述的是同一件事情，则时态应具有一致性。2现在完成时与过去完成时的误用5(1)看到 so far, up to now, until now, since then, recen
17、tly, lately, in the last/past few months/years, for一段时间等常用现在完成时。(2)在 It/This/That be the first/second .time that 从句中，如果 be 为 is，从句常用现在完成时；如果 be 为 was，从句常用过去完成时。(3)在 hardly/scarcely .when ./no sooner .than .句型中，主句常用过去完成时。3一般过去时与现在完成时的误用一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作、存在的状态或过去一段时间内经常发生的动作，不强调对现在产生的影响，常与确定的过去时间状语连
18、用；而现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)的动作或状态，不和确定的过去时间状语连用。I taught here two years ago. 两年前我在这儿教书。I have taught here for fifteen years.我在这儿教书 15 年了。 思考趋向 2 检查是否存在谓语动词语态的误用情况如果考查的是谓语动词，需要检查的是需要使用主动语态还是被动语态。解题规则1做题时要先判断谓语动词和主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系，从而确定语态的使用是否正确。2系动词和不及物动词(短语)没有被动语态，要避免把系
19、动词和不及物动词(短语)当作及物动词(短语)而使用被动语态。3常用主动形式表示被动意义的动词不能再使用被动语态。4被动语态构成错误。其构成形式应为：be过去分词。 思考趋向 3 检查谓语动词是否和主语在数上一致通过分析句子成分找到谓语动词后，除了考虑时态、语态外，还要找一下谓语动词所对应的逻辑主语，核查主谓是否一致。 思考趋向 4 检查是否存在谓语动词虚拟语气的误用情况如果考查的是谓语动词，还需要检查是否存在虚拟语气形式的误用。非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是语法填空和短文改错的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。
20、非谓语动词常考点主要为：动词不定式的功能，现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查6考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构、分析句子成分的能力。(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空)A study 1._ (publish) in September suggests there is a 2._ (surprise) way to get people 3._ (avoid) unhealthy foods: change their memories. Scientist Elizabeth Loftus of the University of Califo
21、rnia at Irvine asked volunteers 4._ (answer) some questions on their personalities and food experiences. “One week later” Loftus says, “5._ (feed) the people, we told them to type their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences.” Some account
22、s included one key additional detail. 6._ (tell) that they had got sick after 7._ (eat) strawberry icecream, the researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured (人为促成的) memory through 8._ (lead) questions Who were you with? How did you feel? By the end of the study, up to 41% of those 9._ (
23、give) a false memory believed strawberry icecream once made them sick, and many said theyd avoid 10._ (eat) it.答案：1.published 2.surprising 3.to avoid 4.to answer5Having fed 6.Having been told 7.eating 8.leading9given 10.eating(二)快捷技法 思考趋向 1 填非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语的相应形式提示词是动词时，分析句子成分已有谓语动词且没有连词，则考虑填非谓语动词形式。再
24、通过分析句子成分若是缺少主语或宾语，则考虑填动名词或不定式；若缺少表语，则需要考虑填动名词、不定式或分词。解题规则1非谓语动词作主语一般情况下，动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作；而不定式作主语表示一次性的或具体的动作。若不定式、动名词作主语时，常用 it 作形式主语，而把作真正主语的不定式或动名词后置。另外，不定式作主语时通常指将要发生的动作，动名词作主语则表示已经完成的动作。2非谓语动词作表语动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质或特征。不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。3非谓语动词作宾语7(1)不定式作宾语下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀。口诀决心学会
25、想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten 等也要用不定式作宾语。(2)动名词作宾语下列动词(词组)常接动名词作宾语口诀考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider, sugg
26、est/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy(想象，设想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; cant help(禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape下列短语常接动名词作宾语be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to
27、, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy(in), have difficulty/trouble(in), have a good/wonderful/hard time(in), spend time(in)。(3)另外，有些动词或动词短语后面接不定式与接动名词意义不同Error!Error!Error!Error!Error!Error! 思考趋向 2 填非谓语动词作定语的相应形式提示词为动
28、词，通过分析确定填非谓语动词时，若所填非谓语动词修饰某个名词或代词时，则需要考虑所填词作定语。此时需要考虑动名词、不定式和分词。解题规则表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用 being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用 to be done。8点津：表示心理状态的动词ing 形式，意为“令人的” ；动词ed 形式，意为“(人)感到的” ，也可修饰体现内心感受的 look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词。 思考趋向 3 填非谓语动词作宾语补足语的相应形式提示词为动词，通过分析确定填非谓语动词时，若
29、所填非谓语动词对句子宾语起到补充说明的作用，则需要考虑所填词作宾语补足语。此时需要考虑分词和不定式。解题规则1不定式作宾语补足语常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词：advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, forbid, force, hire, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit 等。2现在分词作宾语补足语常用现在分词作宾语补足语的词语：feel, f
30、ind, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, listen to, look at, get, have, keep, leave, send, set 等。特别提醒：使役动词 get, have 既可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，也可以用不定式作宾语补足语。get sb.to do sth./have sb.do sth.表示“使/让某人去做某事” ；have sb./sth.doing 表示“使/让某人/物一直做某事” ，侧重动作的持续进行；get sb./sth.doing 表示“使某人/物开始行动起来” ，侧重动作的开始。3过去分词作宾语补足语常用过去分词
31、作宾语补足语的动词：have, make, get, find, see, notice, watch, hear, feel, want, like 等。 思考趋向 4 填非谓语动词作状语的相应形式提示词为动词，通过分析确定填非谓语动词时，若所填非谓语动词在句子中不作主语、宾语、表语或定语，则需要考虑所填词作状语。此时只需考虑分词和不定式即可。解题规则1分词作状语分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等状语。(1)现在分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是由句子主语执行的，它们之间是主动关系。现在分词的完成式即 having done 表示动作发生在谓语动词所
32、表示的动作之前。(2)过去分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。(3)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时这些过去分词表示一种状态。这样的词(短语)有：lost(迷路的), seated(坐), lost/absorbed in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿着), 9tired of(感到厌烦), faced with(面对)等。2不定式作状语不定式作状语主要用来表示目的，有时也可以表示结果、原因等。不定式作目的状语时，常位于句首或句中，形式上可用 in order to, so as to 等来替换，但 so as to 不能置于句首。(一)考点练悟下
33、文中共有 9 处错误，每句中最多有两处。请找出并改正。Good afternoon, Ladies and gentlemen. It is a great honor for me introduce this English speech competition. As we all know, master a foreign language is very important for us. Take part in English speech is a helpful way to learn English. Everyone wants to showing their be
34、st. When we have been preparing for it, we can improve our listening and spoken ability, developing a good habit of learn English.In the process of the competition, you should pay attention to the rules making by us. First, you should make your voice hear clearly by everyone, so reading aloud is ver
35、y necessary. Second, you should try your best to express yourself in English fluently. Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.I am sure the English speech competition will be a great success and that the audience will feel satisfying with our performance. Thank you!答案：第二句：introduce 前
36、加 to第三句：master 前加 to第四句：TakeTaking第五句：showingshow第六句：spokenspeaking; learnlearning第七句：makingmade第八句：hearheard第十一句：satisfyingsatisfied(二)快捷技法思考趋向 解题规则1.检查作主语或作介词宾语，该用动名词是 1.通过分析句子成分确定非谓语动词作主语10否错用了动词原形；检查作宾语的不定式是否错用了动名词还是宾语。2.熟记充当主语或宾语的非谓语动词形式。2.检查作定语、状语或宾语补足语时，非谓语动词形式是否用错通过分析句子成分，确定非谓语动词作定语、状语或宾补时，要
37、检查与其逻辑主语之间的关系是主动还是被动，从而确定是用现在分词还是过去分词。通过“逻辑主语”这一线索检查非谓语动词是否误用非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词或代词；非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语；非谓语动词作宾补时，其逻辑主语是句子的宾语。3.检查“情感类”分词形容词是否错用检查“情感类”分词形容词在作定语或表语时是否把过去分词和现在分词形式误用。“情感类”分词形容词在作定语或表语时的用法区别现在分词构成的形容词常用来修饰事物，表示被修饰的词本身具有的性质，常译为“令人的” ；而过去分词构成的形容词常用来修饰人，常译为“(人)感到的” 。课堂应用体验 .语法填空(2018
38、日照五校联考)Many people may think the Forbidden City, or the Palace Museum, is _1_ outstanding and oldfashioned museum. But, in recent years, the museum has been working hard _2_ (promote) Chinese cultural heritage among young people.The museums online store now offers special cultural and _3_ (create) p
39、roducts. For example, in 2014, it started to make Tshirts that look like an emperors coat. It also _4_ (sell) earphones that look like the necklaces worn by ancient officials, which brought _5_ about 1 billion yuan in sales in 2016, reported China Youth Daily.Last year, a documentary (纪录片) _6_ (titl
40、e) Masters in Forbidden City became popular online. The documentary is about the people _7_ job is to repair the relics in the museum. Many of these workers are young, and some are even in their _8_ (twenty)Some other _9_ (museum) across the country, such as the National Museum of China, _10_ (inspi
41、re) by the Palace Museums efforts and are working on similar projects of their own.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了故宫博物院向年轻人宣传中国文化遗产，11其他一些博物馆也纷纷效仿的故事。1an 考查冠词。根据文意可知，此处表示泛指，故用不定冠词；又因为空后单词“outstanding”的发音以元音音素开头，故用冠词 an。2to promote 考查非谓语动词。近年来，故宫博物院一直为了向年轻人宣传中国文化遗产在努力。此处动词不定式用作目的状语。3creative 考查形容词。此处应用形容词修饰空后的名词
42、。4sold 考查动词时态。本句承接上文，讲述 2014 年发生的事情，应用一般过去时。5in 考查介词。bring in 意为“赚得，挣” 。故宫博物院也售卖看起来像古代官员佩戴的颈饰一样的耳机，据中国青年报报道，这在 2016 年挣了大约十亿元人民币。6titled 考查非谓语动词。此处动词的过去分词形式用作名词的后置定语，意为“名为的” 。7whose 考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作定语，修饰后面的名词job，表示所属关系，故填 whose。8twenties 考查固定用法。in ones twenties 为固定用法，意为“在某人二十多岁的时候” 。9museums 考查
43、名词复数。由空前的“Some other”可知，此处应用可数名词museum 的复数形式。下文的“are working on similar projects”也提示此处用名词复数。10are inspired 考查被动语态。空处作谓语动词，根据句意和空后的“by”可知，此处应用被动语态；又因为空处与 are working 并列作谓语，故填 are inspired。.短文改错(2018福州四校联考)When I was young, I lived in the countryside. At that time, the trees there were very green, tha
44、t left a deep impression on me and the water there was so much clear that I even could see the fish swimming. When it gets dark, the air was cooler than it in the daytime. People liked to walk out their houses to chat together. I liked to play games with my friends but ran along the village happily.
45、 As the moon rose highly in the sky, the village was lighting. When I looked up, I could see the moon and a few star. They were so close to me. It seemed that I could touch them. The life in the countryside were so wonderful.答案：第二句：第二个 thatwhich; 去掉 much第三句：getsgot; 第二个 itthat第四句：out 后加 of12第五句：butand第六句：highlyhigh; lightinglighted/lit第七句：starstars第十句：werewas13
