1、 IEC 61788-22-1 Edition 1.0 2017-07 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Superconductivity Part 22-1: Superconducting electronic devices Generic specification for sensors and detectors IEC 61788-22-1:2017-07(en) THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2017 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland All rights reserved. U
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10、ore.iec.ch/csc If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service Centre: csciec.ch. IEC 61788-22-1 Edition 1.0 2017-07 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Superconductivity Part 22-1: Superconducting electronic devices Generic specification f
11、or sensors and detectors INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ICS 17.220; 29.050 ISBN 978-2-8322-4586-6 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. 2 IEC 61788-22-1:2017 IEC 2017 CONT
12、ENTS FOREWORD . 4 INTRODUCTION . 6 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references 7 3 Terms and definitions 7 4 Symbols 10 5 Terminology and classification . 11 5.1 Terminology 11 5.2 Classification 14 6 Cryogenic operation condition . 15 7 Marking . 15 7.1 Device identification 15 7.2 Packing . 15 8 Test and mea
13、surement procedures 15 (informative) Coherent detection 16 Annex A A.1 Superconducting hot electron bolometric (SHEB) type 16 A.2 Superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) type 17 A.3 Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) type 18 (informative) Direct detection . 20 Annex B B.1 Metallic mag
14、netic calorimetric (MMC) type 20 B.2 Microwave kinetic inductance (MKI) type . 21 B.3 Superconducting strip (SS) type 22 B.4 Superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) type 22 B.5 Transition edge sensor (TES) type 23 (normative) Graphical symbols for use on equipment and diagrams . 25 Annex C C.1 Superco
15、nducting region, one superconducting connection 25 C.2 Superconducting region, one normal-conducting connection . 25 C.3 Normal-superconducting boundary 25 C.4 A variation 26 C.5 Josephson junction . 26 Bibliography 27 Figure A.1 SHEB mixer 17 Figure A.2 STJ mixer . 18 Figure A.3 DC SQUID 19 Figure
16、B.1 MMC detector . 20 Figure B.2 MKI detector . 21 Figure B.3 SS detector . 22 Figure B.4 STJ detector . 23 Figure B.5 TES detector . 24 Figure C.1 Superconducting region, one superconducting connection 25 Figure C.2 Superconducting region, one normal-conducting connection . 25 IEC 61788-22-1:2017 I
17、EC 2017 3 Figure C.3 Superconducting region, one superconducting connection, and one normal-conducting connection (normal-superconducting boundary, IEC 60417- 6370:2016-09) 25 Figure C.4 Series connection . 26 Figure C.5 Superconducting region, two superconducting connections with extremely small no
18、n-superconducting region (Josephson junction, IEC 60417-6371:2016-09) . 26 Table 1 Measurands 12 Table 2 Classification of measurands . 12 Table 3 Nomenclature of superconducting sensors and detectors: type, full names, and acronym examples . 13 Table 4 Classification of detection principles 14 4 IE
19、C 61788-22-1:2017 IEC 2017 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Part 22-1: Superconducting electronic devices Generic specification for sensors and detectors FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization compr
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29、rmative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held res
30、ponsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 61788-22-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 90: Superconductivity. The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FDIS Report on voting 90/388/FDIS 90/391/RVD Full information on the voting
31、 for the approval of this International Standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all parts in the IEC 61788 series, published under the general title Superconductivity, can
32、be found on the IEC website. IEC 61788-22-1:2017 IEC 2017 5 The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific document. At this date, the document
33、will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended. A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date. 6 IEC 61788-22-1:2017 IEC 2017 INTRODUCTION Superconductivity offers various possibilities for the realization of sensing and detection of a variety of me
34、asurands. Several sensors and detectors have been developed, exploiting features like superconducting energy gaps, sharp normal-superconducting transition, nonlinear IV characteristics, superconducting coherent states, and quantization of magnetic flux. All these properties can be influenced by the
35、interaction with electromagnetic fields, photons, ions, etc. Superconducting sensors and detectors have extremely high performance for energy resolution, time response, and low noise, most of which cannot be realized by any other phenomena. The word “sensor“ is normally used for measuring stationary
36、 or slowly changing electromagnetic fields, physical quantities such as current and temperature. On the other hand, the word “detector“ is normally used for single quanta such as photons from infrared to -rays and individual particles. However, the boundary between “sensor“ and “detector“ is ambiguo
37、us. In this document, therefore, both “sensor“ and “detector“ are used. Additionally, a detector using a sensor is possible, for example, X-ray detector using transition edge sensor (TES) that measures temperature rise due to the deposition of measurand energy. In this document, for example, the ter
38、minology “transition edge sensor X-ray detector“ is used for X- ray detection using TES. Superconducting sensors and detectors have been applied to a variety of fields including medical diagnosis, telecommunications, mineral exploration, astronomical instruments, quantum information processing, and
39、analytical instruments. For users, IEC standardization is necessary because there is confusing terminology, there are no graphical symbols for diagrams, and no test methods. IEC 61788-22-1:2017 IEC 2017 7 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Part 22-1: Superconducting electronic devices Generic specification for senso
40、rs and detectors 1 Scope This part of IEC 61788-22-1 describes general items concerning the specifications for superconducting sensors and detectors, which are the basis for specifications given in other parts of IEC 61788 for various types of sensors and detectors. The sensors and detectors describ
41、ed are basically made of superconducting materials and depend on superconducting phenomena or related phenomena. The objects to be measured (measurands) include magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves, photons of various energies, electrons, ions, -particles, and others. 2 Normative references The fo
42、llowing documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC
43、 60027 (all parts), Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology IEC 60050-815, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary Part 815: Superconductivity IEC 60417, Graphical symbols for use on equipment (available at: http:/www.graphical- symbols.info) IEC 60617, Graphical symbols for diagrams (a
44、vailable at: http:/std.iec.ch/iec60617) ISO 1000, SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units ISO 7000, Graphical symbols for use on equipment Registered symbols (available at: http:/www.graphical-symbols.info) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of th
45、is document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-815 and the following apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at http:/www.electropedia.org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:/www.
46、iso.org/obp 8 IEC 61788-22-1:2017 IEC 2017 3.1 additional positive feedback APF method enhancing voltage-flux transformation ratio by using resistance and coupling coil to SQUID ring 3.2 critical current modulation parameter Lparameter defined by 2LI c / 0 , where L is the SQUID washer inductance, I
47、 cis the critical current of a Josephson junction, for DC SQUIDs, and a parameter defined by 2 LI c / 0for RF SQUIDs Note 1 to entry: The term “shielding parameter“ can also be used. 3.3 Stewart-McCumber parameter Cparameter defined by 2 I c R n 2 C/ 0 , where R nis the normal state resistance of a
48、Josephson junction, and C is the capacitance of a Josephson junction 3.4 bridge junction junction formed from two superconductors connected by a superconducting bridge of small section Note 1 to entry: The term “microbridge“ can also be used. 3.5 critical current I cmaximum direct current that can b
49、e regarded as flowing through a Josephson junction without resistance 3.6 critical current density J ccritical current divided by the cross-section of the conductor or the junction area of the Josephson junction 3.7 feedback coil coil that is inductively coupled to a SQUID operated in the flux locked loop (FLL) mode 3.8 flux locked loop FLL method that improves linearity and dynamic range of a SQUID by using negative feedback to keep the const
