1、 IEC 62555 Edition 1.0 2013-11 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Ultrasonics Power measurement High intensity therapeutic ultrasound (HITU) transducers and systems Ultrasons Mesurage de puissance Transducteurs et systmes ultrasonores thrapeutiques de haute intensit (HITU) IEC62555:2013 THI
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16、INTERNATIONALE Ultrasonics Power measurement High intensity therapeutic ultrasound (HITU) transducers and systems Ultrasons Mesurage de puissance Transducteurs et systmes ultrasonores thrapeutiques de haute intensit (HITU) INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNA
17、TIONALE XA ICS 17.140.50 PRICE CODE CODE PRIX ISBN 978-2-8322-1163-2 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Marque dpose de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. Attention! Ve
18、uillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agr. 2 62555 IEC:2013 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 5 INTRODUCTION . 7 1 Scope 8 2 Normative references 8 3 Terms and definitions 8 4 List of symbols 11 5 Power measurement for HITU equipment. 12 6 Radiation force on a target 13 6.
19、1 General 13 6.2 Requirements for equipment 14 6.2.1 Target type . 14 6.2.2 Target diameter 15 6.2.3 Balance / force measuring system 15 6.2.4 System tank 15 6.2.5 Target support structures 15 6.2.6 Transducer positioning . 15 6.2.7 Anti-streaming foils . 15 6.2.8 Transducer coupling . 16 6.2.9 Cali
20、bration and stability 16 6.3 Requirements for measuring conditions . 16 6.3.1 Lateral target position . 16 6.3.2 Transducer/target separation 16 6.3.3 Water . 16 6.3.4 Water contact . 17 6.3.5 Environmental conditions 17 6.3.6 Thermal drifts . 17 6.4 Measurement uncertainty . 17 6.4.1 General 17 6.4
21、2 Non-planar ultrasound field . 17 6.4.3 Balance system with target suspension. 17 6.4.4 Linearity and resolution of the balance system 17 6.4.5 Extrapolation to the moment of switching the ultrasonic transducer 18 6.4.6 Target imperfections . 18 6.4.7 Reflecting target geometry 18 6.4.8 Lateral ab
22、sorbers in the case of reflecting target measurements 18 6.4.9 Target misalignment . 18 6.4.10 Ultrasonic transducer misalignment 18 6.4.11 Water temperature 18 6.4.12 Ultrasonic attenuation and acoustic streaming 19 6.4.13 Foil properties 19 6.4.14 Finite target size . 19 6.4.15 Environmental influ
23、ences 19 6.4.16 Excitation voltage measurement . 19 6.4.17 Ultrasonic transducer temperature 19 6.4.18 Nonlinearity 19 62555 IEC:2013 3 6.4.19 Other sources . 19 6.5 Calculation of output power 20 7 Buoyancy change of a target . 20 7.1 General 20 7.2 Requirements for equipment 21 7.2.1 Target type .
24、 21 7.2.2 Entry window diameter 22 7.2.3 Balance / force measuring system 22 7.2.4 System tank 22 7.2.5 Target support structures 22 7.2.6 Transducer positioning . 22 7.2.7 Anti-streaming foils . 22 7.2.8 Transducer coupling . 23 7.2.9 Calibration 23 7.3 Requirements for measuring conditions . 23 7.
25、3.1 Lateral target position . 23 7.3.2 Transducer/Target separation . 23 7.3.3 Water . 23 7.3.4 Water contact . 24 7.3.5 Environmental conditions 24 7.3.6 Thermal drifts . 24 7.4 Measurement uncertainty . 24 7.4.1 General 24 7.4.2 Buoyancy sensitivity . 24 7.4.3 Non-planar ultrasound field . 24 7.4.
26、4 Balance system including target suspension . 24 7.4.5 Linearity and resolution of the balance system 24 7.4.6 Curve-fitting and extrapolation 25 7.4.7 Water temperature 25 7.4.8 Ultrasonic attenuation and acoustic streaming 25 7.4.9 Foil properties 25 7.4.10 Finite target size . 25 7.4.11 Environm
27、ental influences 25 7.4.12 Excitation voltage measurement . 25 7.4.13 Ultrasonic transducer temperature 26 7.4.14 Nonlinearity 26 7.4.15 Other sources . 26 7.5 Calculation of output power 26 8 Electrical characteristics 26 8.1 Electrical impedance 26 8.2 Radiation conductance . 26 8.3 Efficiency . 2
28、7 Annex A (informative) Other measurement methods 28 Annex B (informative) Target size 29 Annex C (informative) Formulae for radiation force 31 Annex D (informative) Expansion method 36 Annex E (informative) Influence of attenuation and acoustic streaming on determining incident and output powers .
29、42 4 62555 IEC:2013 Annex F (informative) Avoidance of cavitation 45 Annex G (informative) Transducer efficiency 46 Bibliography 54 Figure 1 Linearity check: balance readout as a function of the input quantity . 20 Figure C.1 Correction factor of plane wave for the acoustic field of a circular plane
30、 piston ultrasonic transducer as a function of the product of the circular wavenumber and transducer radius . 33 Figure D.1 Schematic diagram of an expansion target. 36 Figure D.2 Example of weight vs time sequence 37 Figure D.3 Time history of the apparent mass of the castor oil target at different
31、 frequencies following an insonation of approximately 1 W acoustic power for a period of 10 s 40 Figure G.1 Electrical voltage source under different loading conditions 52 Figure G.2 Electrical voltage source and electrical matching network and transducer equivalent circuit . 52 Figure G.3 Diagram i
32、llustrating electrical loss. . 53 Table D.1 Selected properties of Acros Organics castor oil in the range 10 C to 60 C 39 Table D.2 Absorption coefficient of castor oil as a function of temperature . 41 62555 IEC:2013 5 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ ULTRASONICS POWER MEASUREMENT HIGH I
33、NTENSITY THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND (HITU) TRANSDUCERS AND SYSTEMS FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
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44、al committee 87: Ultrasonics The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FDIS Report on voting 87/538/FDIS 87/543/RVD Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been draft
45、ed in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. NOTE The following print types are used: Requirements: roman type Notes: in small roman type 6 62555 IEC:2013 Words in bold in the text are defined in Clause 3. The numbers in square brackets refer to references given in the Bibliography which fo
46、llows Annex G. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, rep
47、laced by a revised edition, or amended. 62555 IEC:2013 7 INTRODUCTION In ultrasound fields at megahertz frequencies, output power is typically determined by measuring the force on a target using a radiation force balance 1,2,3. However, the relationship between the radiation force and the output pow
48、er is affected by the focusing or other geometrical aspects of the field, by the type and shape of the target, by the distance of the target from the transducer, by absorption (including shock-loss) in the water path, and by acoustic streaming currents. Whilst many of these effects are small for typ
49、ical diagnostic or physiotherapy ultrasound fields, they cannot generally be ignored for HITU fields (particularly for those often referred to as high intensity focused ultrasound HIFU) 4. Furthermore, in HITU, the quantity of interest is the power incident on the patient rather than the output power at the transducer face. Since it is common to have a water stand-off between the transducer and the
