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11、afficking detection standards Guidance and recommendations INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ICS 13.280 ISBN 978-2-8322-2958-3 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. colour in
12、side 2 IEC TR 62971:2015 IEC 2015 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 3 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions, abbreviations and symbols . 5 3.1 Terms and definitions 5 3.2 Abbreviations and symbols . 5 4 Background . 6 4.1 List of relevant standards 6 4.2 Source suppliers . 6 4.3 Nuclear Mater
13、ial (NM) sources and materials of interest . 6 4.4 Neutron sources . 7 4.5 Surrogate materials and efforts . 7 4.5.1 Materials . 7 4.5.2 Efforts . 8 4.5.3 Simulated gamma spectra versus real spectra . 9 4.5.4 Use of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) 9 5 General requirements 10 5.1 NM 1
14、0 5.2 Metals or oxides 11 5.3 Spheres or plates 11 5.4 Source encapsulation 11 Bibliography 12 Figure 1 241 Am-Be energy distribution 8 Figure 2 Low resolution RGPu (blue trace) and WGPu spectra comparison 11 Table 1 IEC NM . 10 IEC TR 62971:2015 IEC 2015 3 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
15、_ RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION RADIATION SOURCES USED IN ILLICIT TRAFFICKING DETECTION STANDARDS GUIDANCE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National
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27、rt“. IEC TR 62971, which is a technical report, has been prepared by subcommittee 45B: Radiation protection instrumentation, of IEC technical committee 45: Nuclear instrumentation. 4 IEC TR 62971:2015 IEC 2015 The text of this technical report is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Repor
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31、 printer. IEC TR 62971:2015 IEC 2015 5 RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION RADIATION SOURCES USED IN ILLICIT TRAFFICKING DETECTION STANDARDS GUIDANCE AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1 Scope This Technical Report (TR) provides guidance and recommendations regarding the availability and use of radiation sources that are ne
32、eded when testing and evaluating instruments used for the detection of illicit trafficking of radioactive material. The relevant standards are listed in 4.1. Guidance includes the use of surrogate or replacement radioactive materials that could be more easily obtained. The object of this Technical R
33、eport is to provide guidance to instrument manufacturers, users, and testing organisations as to the selection and possible use of radiation sources, source surrogates and source simulation tools when testing and evaluating an instruments ability to detect and identify illicit trafficking of radioac
34、tive material. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (incl
35、uding any amendments) applies. IEC 60050-395, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary Part 395: Nuclear instrumentation: Physical phenomena, basic concepts, instruments, systems, equipment and detectors 3 Terms and definitions, abbreviations and symbols 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes o
36、f this document, the following terms and definitions, as well as those given in IEC 60050-395 apply. 3.1.1 nuclear material plutonium, except that with isotopic concentration exceeding 80 % in plutonium-238; uranium- 233; uranium enriched in the isotope 235 or 233; uranium containing the mixture of
37、isotopes as occurring in nature other than in the form of ore or ore-residue; any material containing one or more of the foregoing Note 1 to entry: Additional details regarding source composition can be found in 4.3. SOURCE: IAEA-TECDOC-1311-September 2002 3.2 Abbreviations and symbols DD Deuterium-
38、Deuterium DU Depleted Uranium HEU Highly Enriched Uranium IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency 6 IEC TR 62971:2015 IEC 2015 NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NORM Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Np Neptunium PMMA Poly methyl methacrylate Pu Plutonium RGPu Reactor Grade
39、Plutonium NM Nuclear Material WGPu Weapons Grade Plutonium 4 Background 4.1 List of relevant standards The following standards are currently relevant to this Technical Report. Each standard contains requirements for photon and neutron radiation emitting sources including those requirements for NM. I
40、EC 62244, Radiation protection instrumentation Installed radiation monitors for the detection of radioactive and special nuclear materials at national borders IEC 62327, Radiation protection instrumentation Hand-held instruments for the detection and identification of radionuclides and for the indic
41、ation of ambient dose equivalent rate from photon radiation IEC 62401, Radiation protection instrumentation Alarming personal radiation devices (PRD) for detection of illicit trafficking of radioactive material IEC 62484, Radiation protection instrumentation Spectroscopy-based portal monitors used f
42、or the detection and identification of illicit trafficking of radioactive material IEC 62533, Radiation protection instrumentation Highly sensitive hand-held instruments for photon detection of radioactive material IEC 62534, Radiation protection instrumentation Highly sensitive hand-held instrument
43、s for neutron detection of radioactive material IEC 62618, Radiation protection instrumentation Spectroscopy-based alarming Personal Radiation Devices (SPRD) for detection of illicit trafficking of radioactive material IEC 62694, Radiation protection instrumentation Backpack-type radiation detector
44、(BRD) for the detection of illicit trafficking of radioactive material 4.2 Source suppliers Several radioactive sources are required for testing to IEC standards. Many sources are commercially available for purchase. It is up to each individual organization to identify the manufacturer or supplier b
45、ased on their specific needs. 4.3 Nuclear Material (NM) sources and materials of interest At the time of publication, the materials of interest include: Depleted Uranium (DU), Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), Reactor Grade Plutonium (RGPu), and Weapons Grade Plutonium (WGPu). Due to the availability o
46、f DU for testing, it will not be addressed in this Technical Report. IEC TR 62971:2015 IEC 2015 7 For IEC efforts, HEU has an enrichment of greater than 90 % 235 U and DU of no more than 0,4 % 235 U. RGPu is defined as containing more than 12 % 240 Pu, and WGPu having no more than 6 % 240 Pu and not
47、 less than 12 % 239 Pu. Standardized test sources containing NM are sealed sources that are characterized by mass, isotope content, geometric shape (e.g., spherical), and age. The characterization should include chemical elements, not just radionuclides. 237 Np, 232 U, 233 U have been discussed as a
48、 possible material of interest, but due to very limited availability they will not be addressed further in this Tehcnical Report. 4.4 Neutron sources Based on the materials of interest to be detected, a fission spectrum source is required at an emission rate of 20 000 neutrons per second. Therefore,
49、 each applicable standard requires the use of a 252 Cf source having an activity of approximately 185 kBq. Neutron sources with higher emission rates such as those used for dosimetry or dosemeter calibration (i.e., radiation protection instrument calibration) will produce more scattered neutrons because the source to detector distance must be increased to maintain the same fluence rate produced by the recommended source. Therefore, the use of a neutron sou
