1、 IEC/TS 62344 Edition 1.0 2013-01 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Design of earth electrode stations for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links General guidelines IEC/TS 62344:2013(E) colour inside THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2013 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless
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9、de stations for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links General guidelines INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION XC ICS 29.240.99 PRICE CODE ISBN 978-2-83220-575-4 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an
10、 authorized distributor. colour inside 2 TS 62344 IEC:2013(E) CONTENTS FOREWORD . 7 INTRODUCTION . 9 1 Scope . 10 2 Normative references . 10 3 Terms and definitions . 10 3.22 current-releasing density . 13 4 System conditions 14 4.1 General principles . 14 4.2 System parameters related to earth ele
11、ctrode design 14 4.2.1 Amplitude and duration of the current 14 4.2.2 Polarity 14 4.2.3 Designed lifespan 15 4.2.4 Common earth electrodes 15 5 Design of land electrode stations 15 5.1 Main technical parameters . 15 5.1.1 General principles . 15 5.1.2 Temperature rise . 16 5.1.3 Earthing resistance
12、16 5.1.4 Step voltage 17 5.1.5 Touch voltage 17 5.1.6 Current density 17 5.1.7 Field intensity in fish ponds . 18 5.2 Electrode site selection and parameter measurement 18 5.2.1 General principles . 18 5.2.2 Data collection survey . 18 5.2.3 Distance from converter station (substation) 18 5.2.4 Envi
13、ronment conditions . 19 5.2.5 Terrain and landform . 19 5.2.6 Measurement of soil parameters 19 5.2.7 Geological exploration . 19 5.2.8 Topographical map 19 5.2.9 Values selected during design . 19 5.3 Earth electrode and associated components 20 5.3.1 General principles for material selection 20 5.
14、3.2 Selection of feeding rods and characteristics . 20 5.3.3 Chemical and physical properties of petroleum coke 21 5.3.4 Current-guiding system 21 5.3.5 Bus 22 5.3.6 Electrode line monitoring device 22 5.4 Electrode arrangement 22 5.4.1 General principles . 22 5.4.2 Filling coke 22 5.4.3 Selection o
15、f earth electrode shape. 22 5.4.4 Earth electrode corridor (right of way) 23 5.4.5 Distance between sub-electrodes in the arrangement 23 5.4.6 Burial depth of the earth electrodes . 23 TS 62344 IEC:2013(E) 3 5.4.7 Segmentation of earth electrodes 24 5.5 Minimum size of earth electrode 24 5.5.1 Gener
16、al principles . 24 5.5.2 Total earth electrode length . 24 5.5.3 Side length of coke section 24 5.5.4 Diameter of feeding rods . 25 5.6 Current guiding system 26 5.6.1 General principles . 26 5.6.2 Placement of the current-guiding wire 26 5.6.3 Connection of current-guiding wire 26 5.6.4 Selection o
17、f current-guiding wire cross-section 27 5.6.5 Insulation of the current-guiding wire . 27 5.6.6 Disconnecting switch . 27 5.6.7 Connection of the feeding cable. 27 5.6.8 Connection of jumper cables . 28 5.6.9 Selection of cable structure . 28 5.6.10 Selection of cable cross-section 28 5.6.11 Selecti
18、on of cable insulation 28 5.6.12 Cable welding position . 29 5.6.13 Welding . 29 5.6.14 Mechanical protection for cable . 29 5.7 Auxiliary facilities 29 5.7.1 Online monitoring 29 5.7.2 Soil treatment 29 5.7.3 Exhaust equipment 30 5.7.4 Fence 30 5.7.5 Marker . 30 6 Design of sea electrode station an
19、d shore electrode station . 30 6.1 Main technical parameters . 30 6.1.1 Temperature rise . 30 6.1.2 Earthing resistance 30 6.1.3 Step voltage 31 6.1.4 Touch voltage 32 6.1.5 Voltage gradient in water . 32 6.1.6 Current density 32 6.2 Electrode site selection and parameter measurement 32 6.2.1 Genera
20、l principles . 32 6.2.2 Data collection survey . 32 6.2.3 Distance from converter station (substation) 32 6.2.4 Environment conditions . 33 6.2.5 Measurement of soil parameters 33 6.3 Earth electrode and associated components 33 6.3.1 General principles for material selection 33 6.3.2 Common feeding
21、 rods and characteristics . 33 6.3.3 Chemical properties of petroleum coke 34 6.3.4 Current-guiding system 34 6.3.5 Bus 34 6.3.6 Electrode line monitoring device 34 6.4 Electrode arrangement 34 4 TS 62344 IEC:2013(E) 6.4.1 General principles . 34 6.4.2 Filling coke 34 6.4.3 Selection of earth electr
22、ode shape. 34 6.4.4 Segmentation of earth electrodes 35 6.5 Current-guiding system . 35 6.5.1 Placement of the current-guiding wire 35 6.5.2 Connection of current-guiding system 35 6.5.3 Selection of cable cross-section 36 6.5.4 Insulation of the current-guiding system 36 6.5.5 Selection of cable st
23、ructure . 36 6.5.6 Mechanical protection for cable . 36 6.6 Auxiliary facilities 36 7 Impact on surrounding facilities and mitigation measures . 37 7.1 Impact on insulated metallic structures and mitigation measures . 37 7.1.1 General principles . 37 7.1.2 Relevant limits . 37 7.1.3 Mitigation measu
24、res 37 7.2 Impact on bare metallic structures . 37 7.2.1 General principles . 37 7.2.2 Relevant limits . 37 7.2.3 Mitigation measures 37 7.3 Impact on the power system (power transformer, grounding network, and surrounding towers) . 38 7.3.1 General principles . 38 7.3.2 Relevant limits . 38 7.3.3 M
25、itigation measures 38 7.4 Impact on electrified railway 38 7.5 Other facilities (such as greenhouses and water pipes) . 39 Annex A (informative) Basic concepts of earth electrodes 40 Annex B (informative) Soil parameter measurement method 52 Annex C (informative) Electrode line design . 60 Annex D (
26、informative) Assessment of measurement method 63 Annex E (informative) Earth electrode electrical parameter calculation method 67 Annex F (informative) Thermal time constant . 78 Annex G (informative) Schematic diagram of online monitoring system 80 Annex H (informative) Calculation method for corro
27、sion of nearby metal structures caused by earth electrodes . 81 Annex I (informative) Calculation method for d.c. current flowing through a.c. transformer neutral near earth electrodes . 83 Annex J (informative) Chemical aspects 86 Annex K (informative) Simple introduction of shore electrodes . 87 B
28、ibliography 89 Figure 1 Electrode cross-section 22 Figure 2 Vertical arrangement 23 Figure 3 Placement of the current-guiding wire 26 Figure 4 Feeding cable 28 TS 62344 IEC:2013(E) 5 Figure 5 Resistivity layers with sea or shore electrodes . 31 Figure 6 Sea electrode . 34 Figure 7 Sea bottom electro
29、de with titanium nets . 35 Figure 8 Titanium net . 36 Figure 9 Impact of earth electrodes on a.c. systems (transformer, grounding network, tower) . 38 Figure A.1 HVDC power transmission system structure 40 Figure A.2 Schematic diagram of the structure of a monopolar earth (sea water) return system 4
30、1 Figure A.3 Schematic diagram of the structure of monopolar metallic return system 41 Figure A.4 Schematic diagram of the structure of bipolar neutral grounded at both ends . 42 Figure A.5 Schematic diagram of the structure of bipolar neutral grounded at one end 42 Figure A.6 Schematic diagram of t
31、he structure of bipolar neutral line . 43 Figure A.7 Schematic diagram of touch voltage and step voltage . 44 Figure A.8 Schematic diagram of single circular earth electrode 45 Figure A.9 Axial distribution of step voltage of single circular earth electrode . 45 Figure A.10 3-D distribution of step
32、voltage of single circular earth electrode . 46 Figure A.11 Schematic diagram of double circular earth electrode . 46 Figure A.12 Axial distribution of step voltage of double circular earth electrode . 46 Figure A.13 3-D distribution of step voltage of double circular earth electrode . 47 Figure A.1
33、4 Schematic diagram of triple circular earth electrode 47 Figure A.15 Axial distribution of step voltage of triple circular earth electrode 47 Figure A.16 3-D distribution of step voltage of triple circular earth electrode 48 Figure B.1 Equivalent circuit of Wenner method . 54 Figure B.2 Equivalent
34、circuit of Schlumberger method . 54 Figure B.3 Equivalent circuit of dipole-dipole method . 55 Figure E.1 shape equivalent circuit of an individual earth electrode unit 67 Figure E.2 Ohms Law applied to cylinder conductor 68 Figure E.3 Continuity of axial component of the electric field in the soil
35、and in the conductor 68 Figure E.4 Spatial division of the earth electrode . 68 Figure E.5 Network for solving axis current 69 Figure E.6 Horizontally layered soil 71 Figure E.7 Geometrical structure of a tetrahedron unit . 72 Figure E.8 Structure of a double-circle d.c. earth electrode 76 Figure E.
36、9 Ground potential and step voltage distribution of a double-circle earth electrode 77 Figure F.1 Earth electrode temperature rise characteristics 78 Figure G.1 Schematic diagram of earth electrode online monitoring system . 80 Figure H.1 Calculation of current flowing through a metal pipe . 82 Figu
37、re I.1 Schematic diagram of ground resistance network and underground voltage source 83 Figure I.2 Circuit model for the analysis of d.c. distribution of a.c. systems 85 Figure K.1 Top view of shore electrode, beach type . 87 6 TS 62344 IEC:2013(E) Figure K.2 Shore electrode, pond type . 87 Table 1
38、Composition of iron-silicon alloy electrode . 21 Table 2 Chemical composition of the coke after calcination 21 Table 3 Physical properties of petroleum coke used for earth electrodes . 21 Table 4 Electric corrosion characteristics of different materials 26 Table B.1 Soil (rock) resistivity . 52 Tabl
39、e B.2 Soil thermal capacity 53 Table B.3 Soil thermal conductivity 53 Table B.4 Number of measurement points with different pole distances . 56 Table E.1 Model of soil with two layers 77 TS 62344 IEC:2013(E) 7 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ DESIGN OF EARTH ELECTRODE STATIONS FOR HIGH-VO
40、LTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC) LINKS GENERAL GUIDELINES FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operati
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