1、g3g3g3IEEE Guide for Investigation, Analysis, and Reporting of Power Circuit Breaker Failures Sponsored by the Switchgear Committee g3IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 30 December 2011IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational
2、 classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. ivIntroductionThis introduction is not part of IEEE Std C37.10-2011, IEEE Guide for Investigation, Analysis, and Reporting of Power Circuit Breaker Failures. This guide is a revision
3、 to IEEE Std C37.10-1995 (Reaffirmed in 2002 and 2008). This guide also incorporates the previous IEEE Std 1325-1996 (Reaffirmed in 2002 and 2008). This issue of IEEE Std C37.10 has the following changes: g127 Changed title from IEEE Std C37.10-1995 g127 Included failure reporting form from IEEE Std
4、 1325-1996 g127 Added additional definitions g127 Updated references g127 Added a subclause on failure investigation preparedness g127 Re-ordered and revised material to better align with the investigative process g127 Added a url directing readers to an interactive reporting form that will be avail
5、able from IEEE with the guide g127 Added to the bibliography (The bibliography has the standards listed in chronilogical order with the intent to make it easier to correlate the appropriate standards with the date of the circuit breaker being investigated.) g127 Added and consolodated safety conside
6、rations Users of this guide are reminded to use the appropriate edition of the circuit breaker standards that apply to the circuit breaker being investigated. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisi
7、ons of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compli
8、ance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regula
9、tion, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. vUpdating of IEEE
10、 documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current
11、edition of the document together with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association web site a
12、t http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org.ErrataErrata, if any, for this and all othe
13、r standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/findstds/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. InterpretationsCurrent interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/findstds/interps/index.html.Pat
14、entsAttention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this guide, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsi
15、ble for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any lic
16、ensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards As
17、sociation. Participants At the time this IEEE guide was completed, the Quality however, it must be recognized that circuit breakers have been manufactured and applied to power systems using standards of previous versions or editions. Requirements in standards have changed over time. Standards refere
18、nced for a failure investigation must be of the appropriate edition for the time when the circuit breaker was manufactured. The application standards used in the investigation must also be appropriate for the time when the circuit breaker was manufactured even though the circuit breaker may have bee
19、n manufactured earlier than its installation on a power system. NOTE 2 Some types of devices referred to as circuit breakers may have specific standards that are applicable to their design and/or installation. Examples are generator circuit breakers (IEEE Std C37.013) and circuit switchers (IEEE Std
20、 C37.016). 3. Definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary: Glossary of Terms however, may not of itself, result in failure. 3.4 control circuit failure: Failure attributed to the inability of the electrical control circuit t
21、o perform its function. 3.5 defect: Imperfection in the state of an item (or inherent weakness) which can result in one or more failures of the item itself or of another item under the specific service or environmental or maintenance conditions for a stated period of time. 4The IEEE Standards Dictio
22、nary: Glossary of Terms generally categorized as electrical, mechanical, thermal, and contamination. 3.14 failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA): A process of identifying potential failures and their corresponding effects on the product or process under considerationgenerally a design tool; howev
23、er, it can also be used for failure analysis. 3.15 focused tests: Tests performed to identify a particular area of failure. 3.16 forensic engineering: Forensic engineering is the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causi
24、ng personal injury or damage to property. 3.17 initiating cause: A cause that directly leads to the failure. 3.18 in-service inspection: Investigation of the principal features of the circuit breaker in service, without dismantling. This investigation is generally directed toward pressures and/or le
25、vels of fluids, tightness, position of relays, pollution of insulating parts; however, actions such as lubricating, cleaning, washing, etc., that can be carried out with the circuit breaker in service are included. NOTEThe observations resulting from inspection can lead to the decision of carrying o
26、ut overhaul. 3.19 major failure (of a circuit breaker): Failure of a circuit breaker that causes the termination of one or more of its fundamental functions, which necessitates immediate action. NOTE 1 A major failure will result in an immediate change in system operating condition; e.g., the backup
27、 protective equipment being required to remove the fault, or will result in mandatory removal from service for non-scheduled maintenance (intervention required within 30 min). NOTE 2 CIGRE WG A3.0 defines a switchgear major failure as “failure of a switchgear and control gear which causes the cessat
28、ion of one or more of its fundamental functions. A major failure will result in an immediate change in the system operating conditions, e.g., the backup protective equipment will be required to remove the fault, or will result in mandatory removal from service within 30 minutes for unscheduled maint
29、enance.” NOTE 3 IEC also provides a definition for a third failure type category: A defect is an “imperfection in the state of an item (or inherent weakness) which can result in one or more failures of the item itself or of another item under the specific service or environmental or maintenance cond
30、itions for a stated period of time.” Defects are, however, not included in the survey. 5Notes in text, tables, and figures are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement the standard. Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. 4IEEE Std C37.10-2011 IEEE Guide for I
31、nvestigation, Analysis, and Reporting of Power Circuit Breaker Failures 3.20 mechanical failure (of a circuit breaker): Failure other than an electrical failure. 3.21 minor failure (of a circuit breaker): Any failure of a part or a sub-assembly that does not cause a major failure of a circuit breake
32、r. NOTECIGRE WG A3.06 defines minor failure as “failure of an equipment other than a major failure or any failure, even complete, of a constructional element or a sub-assembly which does not cause a major failure of the equipment.” 3.22 monitor: Continual or periodic collection of data in order to o
33、bserve or determine trends. 3.23 overhaul: Work done with the objective of repairing or replacing parts that are found to be out of tolerance by inspection, or test, or examination, or as required by equipment maintenance manual, in order to restore the component and/or the circuit breaker to an acc
34、eptable condition. 3.24 operational failure: A failure where the circuit breaker fails to operate as intended when an operation is initiated. 3.25 repair: Work done to restore the component or the circuit breaker to condition for operation. 3.26 root cause failure analysis (RCFA): A method or series
35、 of actions taken to find out why a particular failure or problem exists and to correct those causes; investigative techniques applied to the determination of factors leading to the initiating or original failure. 3.27 servicing: Planned maintenance or reconditioning of the circuit breaker including
36、 lubricating and replacing minor parts. 3.28 trending: The comparison of monitored data to determine or plan maintenance tasks and/or equipment replacement. 4. Procedure for investigation of circuit breaker failures For major failures, the local personnel should be adequately trained to deal with im
37、mediate hazards, isolation, grounding, etc. These personnel will likely not be in charge of the investigation of the failure. Therefore, although 4.2 through 4.6 describe what needs to be done, an organization should decide who will be trained to perform the actions at the scene required to preserve
38、 evidence, such as those listed in item a), b), d), and e) in 4.2, as well as contacting the appropriate internal group who will organize or lead the formal investigation. There may be a separate protocol for different levels of investigation, depending on the nature and initially perceived severity
39、 of the failure. The user and manufacturer are very much encouraged to agree on the approach to evaluating the failure. Identify the prime reason for the investigatione.g., is the prime importance to find the root cause of the failure or is it to repair the circuit breaker and return it to service?
40、The method of investigation and disassembly could be quite different under these two scenarios. 4.1 Determining the hazards and risks associated with the circuit breaker inspection Electrical hazards must be considered during the circuit breaker failure investigation. Some components adjacent to the
41、 circuit breaker under investigation, as well as the parts of the control and protection circuits could remain energized or become energized during the investigation. Appropriate isolation and temporary protective grounding must be established prior to the investigation. Proper personal protection s
42、hould be selected and used based on the company safety policies and/or results of the arc-flash studies. The failure of any electrical equipment could result in some level of hazardous material in, on, or around the circuit breaker site. These materials may be visible such as an ash or discoloration
43、 of component(s) or may be invisible products. Copyright 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. 5IEEE Std C37.10-2011 IEEE Guide for Investigation, Analysis, and Reporting of Power Circuit Breaker Failures One must recognize that arc deposited residue may contain material that is hazardous to those working
44、 in and around the failed component(s). It is generally not possible to visually determine whether health hazards are present. A first level assumption must be made that the materials in and around the failure are hazardous until clarification and classification has been confirmed, generally from th
45、e manufacturer. If the equipment vendor cannot provide verification of the material content, you should arrange for the material to be sampled and identified by a specialist before anyone is exposed. Many workplace health and safety regulations apply in general (including OHSA, NFPA 70E, IEEE Std 15
46、84, and NESC C2 in the USA). Follow company procedures and practices. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) that is appropriate to the worksite and conditions. In addition, the following discussion describes some of the possible hazards. Some older circuit breakers incorporated arc chute designs t
47、hat contained asbestos and that may also include levels of radon. The percentage content of these two materials varied from one manufacturer to the next. Some early models of power circuit breakers also incorporated mercury-filled switches in the circuit breaker cell design. Some older oil-filled ci
48、rcuit breakers may contain oil with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Asbestos, mercury, and PCB are materials known to be hazardous to humans. A high degree of expertise is required to safely execute the environmental requirements for a safe investigation. Arc chutes were often constructed with some
49、proportion of asbestos to resist the high temperatures of the electrical arc. Although tightly bound to the base material and not easily released to the atmosphere, (known as “non friable” asbestos) if these types of arc chutes are severely abraded, they may release dust that can become a hazard. When disturbed, flaking occurs resulting in airborne particles. A failure of a circuit breaker containing asbestos will distribute a certain level of airborne and residual contamination. While asbestos has been banned by the environmental protection agencies for most countries,
