1、ACI 357.2R-10Reported by ACI Committee 357Report on Floating and Float-InConcrete StructuresReport on Floating and Float-In Concrete StructuresFirst PrintingJuly 2010ISBN 978-0-87031-384-4American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington
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10、orts are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 357.2R-10 supersedes ACI 357.2R-88 and was adopted and published July 201
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15、incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Report on Floating and Float-In Concrete StructuresReported by ACI Committee 357ACI 357.2R-10This report addresses the practical experience and engineering consider-ations for the design and construction of floating concrete structures.Recommendations for desig
16、n loads and design criteria are presented.Design procedures and methods of analysis are discussed to betteracquaint the reader with the design considerations unique to floatingmarine structures. Methods used to construct floating concrete structuresplay a major role in the success of each applicatio
17、n. Construction methodsand materials used for recent applications are presented to demonstratethe importance of the construction process during the planning and designof marine concrete structures. Important aspects of delivery, from theconstruction site and installation at the deployment site, are
18、presented. Thedurability and serviceability of floating structures at remote sites areimportant considerations to project planners and developers. Constructionexecution, materials selection and inspection, maintenance, and repairtechniques are discussed. The materials, processes, quality controlmeas
19、ures, and inspections described in this document should be tested,monitored, or performed as applicable only by individuals holding theappropriate ACI Certifications or equivalent.Keywords: abrasion; accidents; admixtures; aggregates; concrete construction;concrete durability; detailing; dynamic loa
20、ds; fatigue (materials); finiteelement method; floating structures; inspection; installing; lightweightconcretes; limit design method; loads forces; maintenance moorings; perme-ability; post-tensioning; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; prestressingsteels; quality control; reinforced concrete;
21、 reinforcing steels; repairs;serviceability; ships, stability; structural design surveys; towing.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 21.1Introduction1.2ScopeChapter 2Notation, definitions, and acronyms, p. 22.1Notation2.2Definitions2.3AcronymsChapter 3Applications, p. 33.1Introduction3.2Hist
22、orical background3.3Ships and barges3.4Industrial plantships3.5Floating piers and docks3.6Floating bridges3.7Immersed tunnels3.8Navigation structures3.9SummaryChapter 4Materials and durability, p. 134.1Introduction4.2Testing and quality control4.3Structural marine concrete4.4Reinforcement and concre
23、te cover4.5Special considerations4.6SummaryJal N. Birdy Per Fidjestl George C. Hoff Thomas E. SpencerTheodore W. Bremner*Humayun Hashmi Mohammad S. Khan John A. TannerValery M. Buslov Ron Heffron Jorge L. Quiros, Jr. Paul G. TourneyLewis J. Cook Kare Hjorteset Karl-Heinz Reineck Samuel X. Yao*Domeni
24、c DArgenzio*Member of subcommittee that prepared this report.Chair of subcommittee that prepared this report.Michael J. Garlich*ChairThomas G. Weil*Secretary2 FLOATING AND FLOAT-IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES (ACI 357.2R-10)American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.orgChapter 5Evaluation
25、of loads, p. 175.1Introduction5.2Types of loads5.3Load determination5.4SummaryChapter 6Design approaches, p. 216.1Introduction6.2Overview of design code requirements6.3Fatigue6.4Serviceability6.5Hull arrangements6.6Analysis methodology6.7Design and detailing6.8SummaryChapter 7Construction, p. 277.1I
26、ntroduction7.2Construction methods7.3Concrete construction7.4Construction afloat7.5Segmental constructionjoining while afloat7.6SummaryChapter 8Towing and installation, p. 318.1Introduction8.2Design considerations8.3Tow route8.4SummaryChapter 9Maintenance, inspection, and repair,p. 349.1Introduction
27、9.2Structural deterioration9.3Surveys and periodic inspection9.4Repairs9.5SummaryChapter 10References, p. 3810.1Referenced standards and reports10.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionPrestressed or reinforced concrete structures are used aseither permanently floating struc
28、tures or temporary float-instructures to facilitate marine construction. In this report, thedefinition of a floating structure is a structure that istemporarily, intermittently, or continuously afloat. For thosefloating structures that have a bow or stern, the bow or sternmay be raked or shaped as r
29、equired. Certain floating structuresincluded within this definition are designed for towing andsubsequent grounding, and afterward function as fixed struc-tures. Later, these structures may be refloated and transported toa new location. Other structures are designed to remaincontinuously afloat, wit
30、h or without permanent mooring.Permanently floating structures serve a variety of usessuch as industrial plantships, floating bridges, floating drydocks, offshore terminals, navigation structures, and parkingand hotel structures. Applications of temporary float-instructures include the bridge pier f
31、oundations, offshoregravity-based structures, locks and dams, immersed concretetunnels, and storm or tidal surge barriers.In 1943, the first prestressed concrete barge was built bythe U.S. Navy (U.S. Department of TransportationUSDOT 1981). Today, the preferred construction approachfor large structu
32、res is to use prestressed concrete instead ofordinary reinforced concrete. The ability of prestressedstructures to control net tensile stresses and to close cracksthat develop from temporary overload situations enhanceswater tightness and durability. Composite concrete-steelconstruction is also beco
33、ming popular. Concrete is used inthe exterior bulkheads and base to provide durability, andsteel is used for the internal framing and deck to provideweight savings (Gerwick 1975a, 1978).The design of concrete floating structures requires knowl-edge of many disciplines. The designer should have a tho
34、roughunderstanding of concrete design principles, concrete as a mate-rial, and construction practice. Also, the designer should havean understanding of environmental loadings, marine operations,requirements for vessel certification, and the importance ofstructure inspection, maintenance, and repair.
35、 All of theseaspects have been addressed in this report to provide the readerwith a background in the subject of concrete floating structures.1.2ScopeThis report is intended to further the development offloating concrete structures by presenting relevant design,materials, construction, installation,
36、 maintenance, andrepair. Application of available technology is demonstratedfor a range of floating concrete structures to show thattechnological risks are at a known and acceptable level.The report starts with a historical presentation of floatingstructures and design concepts to establish both the
37、 versatilityand technical viability of concrete floating marine structures.The durability and serviceability of floating structures atremote sites are important considerations to project plannersand developers. Recommendations for design loads anddesign criteria are presented. Design procedures and
38、methodsof analysis are discussed to better acquaint the reader with thedesign considerations unique to floating marine structures.CHAPTER 2NOTATION, DEFINITIONS,AND ACRONYMS2.1NotationAi= free surface in partially filled compartment, ft2(m2)B = beam (width) of a floating structure, in. (m)BM = dista
39、nce from center of buoyancy to metacentricpoint, in., (m)D = draft, in. (m)F(t) = external force due to waves, lb (kN)j = total number of load blocks consideredKB = distance from keel to center of buoyancy, in. (m)KG = distance from keel to center of gravity, in. (m)l = length, in. (m)Msw= still-wat
40、er bending moment, in.-lb (m-kN)Mt= total bending moment, in.-lb (m-kN)FLOATING AND FLOAT-IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES (ACI 357.2R-10) 3American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.orgMwi= wave-induced bending moment, in.-lb (m-kN)mm1= vessel mass, lb (kg)mm2 = added mass, lb (kg)Ni= numbe
41、r of load cycles causing failure if loadblock i acts aloneni= actual number of load cycles for load block iri= distance from free surface to axis of waterplane ofentire structure in direction of rotation, in. (m)Vsw= maximum still-water hull-girder shearing force,lb (kN)Vt= total hull-girder shear,
42、lb (kN)Vwi= maximum shearing force induced by waves, lb (kN)x = displacement of the motion, in. (m)= velocity of the motion, in./s (m/s)= acceleration of the motion, in./s2(m/s2) = linearized damping coefficient, lb-s/in. (kN-s/m) = hydrostatic restoration coefficient, lb/ft (kN/m) = Minors sum in a
43、ccumulative fatigue damageanalysis2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions throughan online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/terminology.concrete.org. Definitions provided hereincomplement that resource.ballastany solid or liquid weight placed in a ship toincrease th
44、e draft, to change the trim, or to regulate thestability.ballast tankwatertight compartment to hold water ballast.beamwidth of the vessel or floating structure.bowthe forward end of a ship.bulkheadvertical partition walls, which subdivide theinterior of a vessel into compartments or rooms. Bulkheads
45、that contribute to the strength of a vessel are called strengthbulkheads, those which are essential to the watertight or oil-tight bulkheads, and gas-tight bulkheads serve to prevent thepassage of gas or fumes.bullard pullpull force on a bullard.draftthe depth of the ship below the water measuredver
46、tically to the lowest part of the hull, propellers, or otherreference point.hoggingstraining of the ship that tends to make the bowand stern lower than the middle portion.keelthe principal fore- and aft-component of a shipsframing, located along the centerline of the bottom.metacenter or metacentric
47、 pointthe intersection of avertical line drawn through the center of buoyancy of aslightly listed vessel and the centerline plane.saggingstraining of the ship that tends to make themiddle portion lower than the bow and stern.sea statethe overall sea condition to be used for design.stabilitythe tende
48、ncy of a ship to remain upright, or theability to return to a normal upright position when heeled bythe action of waves and wind.sternafter end of ship.trimthe difference between the draft forward and thedraft aft.2.3AcronymsABSAmerican Bureau of ShippingAPIAmerican Petroleum InstituteCIPcast-in-pla
49、ceDnVDet Norske VeritasLNGliquid natural gasLPGliquid petroleum gasLRLloyds Register of Shipping RAOresponse amplitude operatorTLPtension-leg platformULSultimate limit stateUSDOTU.S. Department of TransportationCHAPTER 3APPLICATIONS3.1IntroductionChapter 3 presents a brief historical background on the useof concrete for floating structures, and describes examples ofconcrete ships, barges, plantships, storage facilities, piers,docks, and breakwaters that have been constructed or are
