1、Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 19.1Evaporative Loss from Fixed-roof TanksFIFTH EDITION, JUNE 2017Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and regulations should be review
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16、 revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.ContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Procedure for Estimating Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 Standing Loss, LS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 Working Loss, LW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.1 Parameters .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.2 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Equipment Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.2 Fixed-roof Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.3 Roof Fittings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.4 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.5 Outside Surfaces of the
25、Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Loss Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187.1 Gene
26、ral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187.2 Standing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187.3 Working Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Development of Estimation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208.2 Standing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218.3 Working Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Annex A SI Units. . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . 29Figures1 Fixed-roof Tank Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Typical Fixed-roof Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Tables1 Annual Stock Turnover Rate (N) for 123 Test Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25vSummary of Changes to API MPMS Chapter 19.1, Fourth Edition1) Added guidance for estimating emissions from insulated and
33、 partially insulated tanks.2) Added guidance for estimating standing (breathing) loss from underground tanks or fully insulated abovegroundtanks due to cyclic heating of the stored liquid.3) Added an explanation of what is meant by the term “true vapor pressure” as used in this document.4) Edited th
34、e coefficients in the expressions for TLA, TV, and TV to use a uniform assumption of 0.5 for the tank height-to-diameter ratio and expressed the coefficients to one significant figure.5) Added language to clarify, in the instances of alternative equations, which equations are preferred as beingmore
35、accurate.6) Added an upper limit of 1 to the vapor space expansion factor, KE.7) Replaced the former equation for calculating TB from ambient conditions with the equation developed inAPIMPMS Ch. 19.4, Annex I.1 Evaporative Loss from Fixed-roof Tanks 1 Scope This standard contains methodologies for e
36、stimating the total evaporative losses of hydrocarbons from fixed-roof tanks. The methodologies provide loss estimates for general equipment types based on laboratory, test-tank, and field-tank data. Types of fixed-roof tanks and roof fittings described are for information only. The equations estima
37、te average annual losses from fixed-roof tanks for various liquid stocks, stock vapor pressures, tank sizes, meteorological conditions, and operating conditions. The following special cases are addressed: a) horizontal tanks, b) higher volatility stocks (true vapor pressure greater than 0.1 psia), c
38、) vent settings higher than 0.03 psia (0.5 oz/in.2), d) tanks that have either roof or shell insulation. The estimation may be improved by using detailed field information, including climatic data and operational data for the appropriate time period. The equations are not intended to be used in the
39、following applications: a) to estimate losses from unstable or boiling stocks or from petroleum liquids or petrochemicals for which the vapor pressure is not known or cannot readily be predicted to calculate emissions from tanks that contain material at or above its boiling point or the point at whi
40、ch material starts to flash, the API model E b) to estimate losses from fixed-roof tanks that have an internal floating roof (API MPMS Ch. 19.2 4 and API 2569 13 address these); c) to estimate losses from cleaning fixed-roof tanks (API 2568 12 addresses this); d) to estimate losses from tanks with a
41、ir sparging operations. The estimation procedures were developed to provide estimates of typical losses from fixed-roof tanks that are properly maintained and are in normal working condition. Losses from poorly maintained tanks may be greater. Because the loss equations are based on equipment condit
42、ions that represent a large population of tanks, a loss estimate for a group of fixed-roof tanks may be more representative than a loss estimate for an individual tank. Evaporative loss considerations are not the only criteria for equipment selection. Many other factors not addressed in this standar
43、d, such as tank operation, maintenance, and safety, are important in designing and selecting tank equipment for a given application. 2 Normative References The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undate
44、d references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS) Chapter 19.4, Evaporative Loss Reference Information and Speciation Methodology, Third Edition, 2012, including Addendum 2 2 API MPMS CHAPTER 19.1 3 Sy
45、mbols Symbol Description Units Source B vapor pressure constant R Table 3 of 19.4 D tank diameter ft Eq. (3a), (3b) DH cylindrical diameter of a horizontal tank ft user DV cylindrical diameter of a vertical tank ft user HL average liquid height ft Eq. (5a), (5b) HLN minimum liquid height ft user HLX
46、 maximum liquid height ft user or Eq. (25) HR domed tank roof height ft user HRO roof outage (or shell height equivalent to the volume under the roof) ft Eq. (6a) to (6f) HS tank shell height ft user HVO vapor space outage (or height) ft Eq. (4a), (4b) I daily total insolation on a horizontal surfac
47、e Btu/(ft2 day) Table 1 of 19.4 KB vent setting correction factor dimensionless Eq. (27a), (27b) KC product factor dimensionless Eq. (26a) to (26c) KE vapor space expansion factor 1/day Eq. (13a) to (13c) KN turnover factor dimensionless Eq. (23a), (23b) KS vented vapor saturation factor dimensionle
48、ss Eq. (7) LH end-to-end length, horizontal tanks ft user LS standing loss lb/yr Eq. (2a), (2b) LT total loss lb/yr Eq. (1) LW working loss lb/yr Eq. (21) MV stock vapor molecular weight lb/lb-mole Section 4.5 of 19.4 N stock turnover rate turnovers/yr Eq. (24a), (24b) Nhc number of heating cycles c
49、ycles/yr user PA atmospheric pressure at the tank site psia user PBN breather vent minimum pressure setting (negative if a vacuum setting) psig user PBX breather vent maximum pressure setting (always positive) psig user PVA stock true vapor pressure at the daily average liquid surface temperature psia 4.2.4 PO normal operating pressure psig Eq. (28) PVN stock true vapor pressure at the daily minimum liquid surface temperature psia 4.2.5 b) PVX stock true vapor pressure at the daily maximum liquid surface temperature psia 4.2.5 b) Q stock throughput bbl/yr user R ideal gas constan
