1、Manual of PetroleumMeasurement StandardsChapter 19.3Evaporative Loss MeasurementPart BAir Concentration Test MethodRim-Seal Loss Factors for Floating-Roof TanksFIRST EDITION, AUGUST 1997REAFFIRMED, OCTOBER 2012Manual of PetroleumMeasurement StandardsChapter 19.3Evaporative Loss MeasurementPart BAir
2、Concentration Test MethodRim-Seal Loss Factors for Floating-Roof TanksMeasurement CoordinationFIRST EDITION, AUGUST 1997REAFFIRMED, OCTOBER 2012SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws an
3、d regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, orfed
4、eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be
5、 construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.
6、Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reafrmed, or withdrawn at least everyve years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle. This publication will no longer be in effect ve years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, wher
7、e an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the API Authoring Department telephone (202)682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updatedquarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This
8、document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notication and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedu
9、res under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the director of the Authoring Department (shown on the titlepage of this document), American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington,D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part
10、of the materialpublished herein should also be addressed to the director.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding whe
11、n and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsi
12、ble for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any
13、 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 1997 American Petroleum InstituteiiiFOREWORDThis standard provides rules f
14、or testing the rim seals of external, covered, and internaloating roofs under laboratory conditions to provide evaporative rim-seal loss factors. Itwas prepared by Task Group II of the API Environmental Technical Advisory Group(ETAG).Testing programs conducted by API, which began in the mid-1970s an
15、d extendedthrough 1982, provided the information on which the current evaporative rim-seal loss fac-tors are based for common, generic types of external, covered, and internal oating-roofrim seals. These rim-seal loss factors are published in API Publication 2517, EvaporativeLoss From External Float
16、ing-Roof Tanks, API Publication 2519, Evaporation Loss FromInternal Floating-Roof Tanks, and in API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards,Chapter 19.2, Evaporative Loss From Floating-Roof Tanks, for use in estimating theevaporative loss of petroleum stocks from external, covered, and internal oa
17、ting-rooftanks. These rim-seal loss factors and the test methods used to develop them have beenwidely accepted by oil companies, manufacturers, industry groups, regulatory agencies,and general interest groups. API has not, however, tested or developed evaporative rim-seal loss factors for proprietar
18、y designs of individual manufacturers. By publishing thistest method, API is making the test method available to interested parties who wish to testparticular rim seals under the auspices of API.API certication of an evaporative loss factor developed through this program is subjectto the following t
19、hree-step process:(a) The testing shall be performed in laboratories licensed by API. The requirements toqualify for licensure are presented in API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Stan-dards, Chapter 19.3, Part G, Certied Loss Factor Testing Laboratory Registration;(b) Testing and determination of t
20、est results shall be performed as specied herein; and(c) The evaluation of these test results and the certication of an evaporative loss factorfor the item tested shall then be conducted in accordance with APIManual of Petro-leum Measurement Standards, Chapter 19.3, Part F, Evaporative Loss Factor f
21、orStorage Tanks Certication Program.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been madeby the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; how-ever, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with th
22、ispublication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or dam-age resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulationwith which this publication may conict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to Measurement Coo
23、rdination,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.CONTENTSPage0 INTRODUCTION 11 SCOPE . 12 NORMATIVE REFERENCES 12.1 API Normative Standards. 12.2 ASTM Normative Standards 12.3 ASME Normative Standards 13 TERMINOLOGY 13.1 Denitions 13.2 Units of Measurement 33.3 Nom
24、enclature . 34 SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD 45 SIGNIFICANCE AND USE. 46 LIMITATIONS TO TEST METHOD. 46.1 Evaluation of Results . 46.2 Low Loss Rates 47 TEST APPARATUS. 47.1 Test Apparatus Schematic 47.2 Test Room 47.3 Test Chamber . 47.4 Inlet Air Flow Control Section. 87.5 Outlet Air Flow Control Section
25、 87.6 Air Blower 87.7 Vibration Damping. 87.8 Rim Seals . 87.9 Test Liquid . 87.10 Emptying and Filling . 97.11 Spill Pan . 98 TEST ITEM . 98.1 Test Item Construction . 98.2 Test Rim Seal Attachment 98.3 Test Rim Seal End Connections. 98.4 Tall Rim Seals 99 PREPARATION OF APPARATUS 99.1 Test Item Pl
26、acement . 99.2 Test Room Air Temperature Control 99.3 Air Blower Startup . 99.4 Steady-State Operation 910 INSTRUMENTATION AND CALIBRATION . 910.1 Accuracy 910.2 Data Acquisition System 10vCONTENTSPageviPage10.3 Temperature Measurement. 1010.4 Wind Speed Measurement 1010.5 Concentration Measurement
27、. 1010.6 Atmospheric Pressure Measurement. 1110.7 Static Pressure Measurement 1110.8 Differential Pressure Measurement. 1111 TEST PROCEDURE 1111.1 Rim-Seal Gaps 1111.2 Levels of Wind Speed . 1211.3 Data to be Recorded 1211.4 Duration of Test. 1312 CALCULATION OF TEST RESULTS . 1312.1 Calibration Cor
28、rections . 1312.2 Rim-Seal Loss Rate. 1312.3 Vapor Pressure Function . 1312.4 Rim-Seal Loss Factor 1412.5 Uncertainty Analysis . 1413 REPORT OF TEST RESULTS 1413.1 Report 1413.2 Data Curves. 1413.3 Rim-Seal Loss Factor Graph. 1414 PRECISION AND BIAS . 15APPENDIX AUNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 17APPENDIX BWIN
29、D SPEED CALIBRATION 23APPENDIX CDETERMINATION OF LOSS FACTOR EQUATION 25APPENDIX DMETRIC UNITS 27APPENDIX EBIBLIOGRAPHY. 29Figures1 Plan View of the Air Concentration Test Facility. 52 Elevation View of the Air Concentration Test Facility. 63 Section View of the Air Concentration Test Facility 74 Ty
30、pical Data Curve (Rim-Seal Loss Rate). 155 Typical Rim-Seal Loss Factor Graph. 16Tables1 Instrument Requirements 10A-1 Summary of Example Uncertainty Analysis Results 19C-1 Example Loss Factors . 26C-2 Example Loss Factor Equation Database 26C-3 Example Loss Factor Equation Constants. 261Chapter 19.
31、3Evaporative Loss MeasurementPART BAIR CONCENTRATION TEST METHODRIM-SEAL LOSS FACTORSFOR FLOATING-ROOF TANKS0 IntroductionThe purpose of this standard is to establish a uniform methodfor use in measuring evaporative rim-seal loss factors of rimseals used on external, covered, and internal oating-roo
32、f tanks.These rim-seal loss factors are to be determined in terms of lossrate, seal gap area, and wind speed for certication purposes.It is not the purpose of this standard to specify proceduresto be used in the design, manufacture, or eld installation ofrim seals. Furthermore, equipment should not
33、be selected foruse solely on the basis of evaporative-loss considerations.Many other factors, such as tank operation, maintenance, andsafety, are important in designing and selecting tank equip-ment for a given application.1 ScopeThis test method may be used to establish evaporative rim-seal loss fa
34、ctors for rim seals used on external and internaloating-roof tanks. The test method involves passing a con-trolled ow rate of air through a test chamber that contains atest liquid and a test rim seal, and measuring the concentra-tion of the test liquid vapor in the air streams entering andleaving th
35、e test chamber. This standard species the testapparatus, the instruments, the test procedure, and the calcu-lation procedures to be used. The variables that are to bemeasured are dened, and quality provisions are stipulated.The format for reporting the values of both the test results andtheir associ
36、ated uncertainty are also specied.This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations,and equipment. This standard does not purport to address allof the safety problems associated with its use. It is the respon-sibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriatesafety and health pra
37、ctices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.2 Normative ReferencesThe following standards contain provisions which, throughreference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard.At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid.All standards are s
38、ubject to revision, and parties to agree-ments based on this standard are encouraged to investigatethe possibility of applying the most recent editions of thestandards indicated below.2.1 API NORMATIVE STANDARDSAPI Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards,Chapter19.3, Part F, Evaporative Loss Facto
39、r for StorageTanks Certication Program, First Edition, March1997Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards,Chapter19.3, Part G, Certied Loss Factor Testing LaboratoryRegistration, First Edition, March 19972.2 ASTM NORMATIVE STANDARDSASTM1D323Test Method for Vapor Pressure of PetroleumProducts (Reid M
40、ethod)E220Method for Calibration of Thermocouples byComparison TechniquesE230Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tablesfor Standardized Thermocouples2.3 ASME NORMATIVE STANDARDSASME2MFC-3M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes UsingOrice, Nozzle and Venturi3 Terminology3.1 DEFINITIONS3.1.1 ACT facili
41、ty:The entire facility used in the Air Con-centration Test (ACT) method. The ACT facility includes thetest chamber, the sensors and data acquisition system, the airblower, the air inlet and outlet ducts, and the test liquid storage.3.1.2 air concentration test method:The test methodused to establish
42、 evaporative rim-seal loss factors for rimseals used on external, covered, and internal oating-rooftanks that involves passing a controlled ow rate of airthrough a test chamber that contains a test liquid and a testrim seal, and measuring the concentration of the test liquidvapor in the air streams
43、entering and leaving the test chamber.3.1.3 covered floating roof: A oating roof thatresults from covering an external oating roof with a xedroof at the top of the tank shell. This effectively converts theexternal oating roof to an internal oating roof, while retain-ing the external-type of oating-r
44、oof design. These oatingroofs are typically designed in accordance with Appendix C1ASTM International, 100 Bar Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, Penn-sylvania 19428.2American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, NewYork, New York 10017.2CHAPTER19.3EVAPORATIVELOSSMEASUREMENTof the Am
45、erican Petroleum Institute Standard 650, WeldedSteel Tanks for Oil Storage.3.1.4 data acquisition:The process of receiving signalsfrom the sensors, determining the values corresponding to thesignals, and recording the results.3.1.5 deck:That part of a oating roof that providesbuoyancy and structure,
46、 and which covers the majority of theliquid surface in a bulk liquid storage tank. The deck has anannular space around its perimeter to allow it to rise anddescend (as the tank is lled and emptied) without bindingagainst the tank shell. This annular space is closed by a exi-ble device called a rim s
47、eal. The deck may also have penetra-tions, closed by deck ttings, that accommodate some func-tional or operational feature of the tank.3.1.6 deck fitting: The device that substantially closes apenetration in the deck of a oating roof in a bulk liquid storagetank. Such penetrations are typically for
48、the purpose of accom-modating some functional or operational feature of the tank.3.1.7 deck seam:Certain types of internal oating roofsare constructed of deck sheets or panels that are joined bymechanical means at deck seams. Such mechanically joinedseam devices have an associated deck seam loss. Ot
49、her typesof internal or external oating roofs are constructed of metalsheets that are joined by welding. Such seam devices do nothave an associated deck seam loss.3.1.8 evaporative loss factor:An expression used todescribe the evaporative loss rate characteristics of a givenoating-roof device. In order to obtain the standing storageevaporative loss rate for a bulk liquid storage tank equippedwith a oating roof, the evaporative loss factor for each evap-orative loss contributing device is modied by certain charac
