1、Designation: A746 18Standard Specification forDuctile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A746; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers 4 to 64-in. ductile iron gravitysewer pipe, centrifugally cast, with push-on joints. This speci-fication may be used for pipe w
3、ith other types of joints, as maybe agreed upon at the time of purchase.1.2 This specification covers trench load design proceduresfor both cement-lined pipe and flexible-lined pipe. Maximumdepth of cover tables are included for both types of linings.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to
4、be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization establishe
5、d in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (
6、Unified Soil Classification System)D3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesE8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-terialsE23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-tallic Materials2.2 ANSI/AWWA Standards:3,4C1
7、04/A21.4 Cement Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipeand FittingsC111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pres-sure Pipe and FittingsC150/A21.50 Thickness Design of Ductile-Iron PipeC600 Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and TheirAppurtenances2.3 ASCE Standards:5Manuals and Reports on
8、Engineering Practice, No.37, (WCPF Manual of Practice No. 9). “Design andConstruction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers”2.4 AASHTO Standard:6AASHTO T-99 Standard Method of Test for the Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 5.5 lb (2.5 kg) Rammerand a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop3. Terminology3.1 Symbols:3.
9、1.1 Aoutside radius of pipe,ft 5D24Sin metres 5D2000D3.1.2 aconversion factor, lb/ft2to psi = 144 (kN/m2to kPa=1)3.1.3 B1.5 ft (0.457 m)3.1.4 beffective pipe length: 36 in. (0.914 m)3.1.5 Csurface load factor, Table 13.1.6 Doutside diameter, in., Table 21This specification is under the jurisdiction
10、of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.12 on Pipes andTubes.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A746 09 (2014).DOI: 10.1520/A0746-18.2For referenced A
11、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4
12、th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from American Water Works Association (AWWA), 6666 W. QuincyAve., Denver, CO 80235, http:/www.awwa.org.5Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.6Available from
13、American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standar
14、d was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1TABLE 1
15、Surface Load Factors for Single Truck on Unpaved RoadDepthof Cover,ftPipe Size in.3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Surface Load Factor C2.5 0.0589 0.0713 0.1020 0.1328 0.1615 0.1901 0.2178 0.2443 0.26983 0.0437 0.0530 0.0759 0.0990 0.1207 0.1424 0.1637 0.1843 0.20444 0.0265 0.0321 0.0460 0.0602 0.0736 0.0871 0
16、.1005 0.1136 0.12655 0.0176 0.0213 0.0306 0.0401 0.0490 0.0581 0.0672 0.0761 0.08496 0.0125 0.0151 0.0217 0.0284 0.0348 0.0413 0.0478 0.0542 0.06067 0.0093 0.0113 0.0162 0.0212 0.0260 0.0308 0.0357 0.0405 0.04538 0.0072 0.0087 0.0125 0.0164 0.0201 0.0238 0.0276 0.0313 0.03509 0.0057 0.0069 0.0099 0.
17、0130 0.0160 0.0190 0.0219 0.0249 0.027910 0.0046 0.0056 0.0081 0.0106 0.0130 0.0154 0.0179 0.0203 0.022712 0.0032 0.0039 0.0056 0.0074 0.0091 0.0108 0.0125 0.0142 0.015914 0.0024 0.0029 0.0042 0.0055 0.0067 0.0080 0.0092 0.0105 0.011716 0.0018 0.0022 0.0032 0.0042 0.0051 0.0061 0.0071 0.0080 0.00902
18、0 0.0012 0.0014 0.0020 0.0027 0.0033 0.0039 0.0045 0.0052 0.005824 0.0008 0.0010 0.0014 0.0019 0.0023 0.0027 0.0032 0.0036 0.004028 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0014 0.0017 0.0020 0.0023 0.0026 0.003032 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023Depthof Cover,ftPipe Size in.20 24 30 36
19、42 48 54 60 64Surface Load Factor C2.5 0.2941 0.3390 0.3962 0.4437 0.4813 0.5115 0.5366 0.5488 0.55923 0.2237 0.2602 0.3085 0.3507 0.3857 0.4153 0.4412 0.4543 0.46574 0.1391 0.1635 0.1972 0.2284 0.2559 0.2808 0.3040 0.3164 0.32775 0.0936 0.1106 0.1347 0.1576 0.1786 0.1982 0.2173 0.2278 0.23776 0.066
20、9 0.0793 0.0970 0.1143 0.1304 0.1458 0.1612 0.1698 0.17817 0.0500 0.0594 0.0730 0.0863 0.0988 0.1111 0.1235 0.1306 0.13748 0.0387 0.0461 0.0567 0.0672 0.0773 0.0871 0.0973 0.1031 0.10889 0.0309 0.0367 0.0453 0.0538 0.0620 0.0700 0.0784 0.0833 0.088010 0.0251 0.0299 0.0370 0.0440 0.0507 0.0574 0.0644
21、 0.0685 0.072512 0.0176 0.0210 0.0259 0.0309 0.0357 0.0405 0.0456 0.0486 0.051514 0.0130 0.0155 0.0192 0.0229 0.0265 0.0301 0.0339 0.0362 0.038416 0.0100 0.0119 0.0147 0.0176 0.0204 0.0232 0.0262 0.0279 0.029720 0.0064 0.0076 0.0095 0.0113 0.0131 0.0149 0.0169 0.0181 0.019224 0.0045 0.0053 0.0066 0.
22、0079 0.0091 0.0104 0.0118 0.0126 0.013428 0.0033 0.0039 0.0049 0.0058 0.0067 0.0077 0.0087 0.0093 0.009932 0.0025 0.0030 0.0037 0.0044 0.0052 0.0059 0.0067 0.0071 0.0076TABLE 2 Nominal Thicknesses for Standard Pressure Classes of Ductile Iron PipeSize, in.Outside Diameter, in.(mm)Pressure Class150 2
23、00 250 300 350Nominal Thickness, in. (mm)3 3.96 (100.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)4 4.80 (121.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)6 6.90 (175.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)8 9.05 (229.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)10 11.10 (281.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.26 (6.6)12 13.20 (33
24、5.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1)14 15.30 (388.6) . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1) 0.30 (7.6) 0.31 (7.9)16 17.40 (442.0) . . . . . . 0.30 (7.6) 0.32 (8.1) 0.34 (8.6)18 19.50 (495.3) . . . . . . 0.31 (7.9) 0.34 (8.6) 0.36 (9.1)20 21.60 (548.6) . . . . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.36 (9.1) 0.38 (9.7)24 25.80 (655.3)
25、. . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.37 (9.4) 0.40 (10.2) 0.43 (10.9)30 32.00 (812.8) 0.34 (8.6) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.45 (11.4) 0.49 (12.4)36 38.30 (972.8) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.47 (11.9) 0.51 (12.9) 0.56 (14.2)42 44.50 (1130.3) 0.41 (10.4) 0.47 (11.9) 0.52 (13.2) 0.57 (14.5) 0.63 (16.0)48 50.80 (1290.3) 0.46
26、(11.7) 0.52 (13.2) 0.58 (14.7) 0.64 (16.3) 0.70 (17.8)54 57.56 (1450.3) 0.51 (12.9) 0.58 (14.7) 0.65 (16.5) 0.72 (18.3) 0.79 (20.1)60 61.61 (1564.9) 0.54 (13.7) 0.61 (15.5) 0.68 (17.3) 0.76 (19.3) 0.83 (21.1)64 65.67 (1668.0) 0.56 (14.2) 0.64 (16.3) 0.72 (18.3) 0.80 (20.3) 0.87 (22.1)ACalculated thi
27、cknesses for these sizes and pressure ratings are less than those shown above. Presently, these are the lowest nominal thicknesses available in thesesizes.A746 1823.1.7 Emodulus of elasticity, 24 106psi (165.5 106kPa)3.1.8 Emodulus of soil reaction, psi, Table 33.1.9 Fimpact factor, 1.53.1.10 fdesig
28、n bending stress, 48 000 psi (331 103kPa)3.1.11 Hdepth of cover, ft (m)3.1.12 Kbbending moment coefficient, Table 33.1.13 Kxdeflection coefficient, Table 33.1.14 Pwheel load, 16 000 lb (7257 kg)3.1.15 Peearth load, psi (kPa)3.1.16 Pttruck load, psi (kPa)3.1.17 Pvtrench load, psi (kPa) = Pe+ Pt3.1.18
29、 Rreduction factor which takes into account the factthat the part of the pipe directly below the wheels is aided incarrying the truck load by adjacent parts of the pipe that receivelittle or no load from the wheels, Table 43.1.19 tnet thickness, in. (mm)3.1.20 t1minimum manufacturing thickness, in.,
30、 t + 0.08,(in mm, t + 2.0)3.1.21 wsoil weight, 120 lb/ft3(18.85 kN/m3)3.1.22 Xdesign deflection, in. (mm),X 5 0.03 D#,orX 5 0.05 D! for flexible linings#4. General Requirements4.1 The pipe shall be ductile iron in accordance with Section9.4.2 Push-on joints shall comply with all applicable require-m
31、ents of ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11.Pipe with other types of joints shall comply with the jointdimensions and weights agreed upon at the time of purchase,but in all other respects shall fulfill the requirements of thisspecification.4.3 Unless otherwise specified, pipe shall have a nominallength of 18 or 2
32、0 ft (5.5 or 6.1 m).Amaximum of 20 % of thetotal number of pipe of each size specified in an order may befurnished as much as 24 in. (610 mm) shorter than the nominallaying length, and an additional 10 % may be furnished asmuch as 6 in. (152 mm) shorter than the nominal laying length.5. Tolerances o
33、r Permitted Variations5.1 DimensionsThe spigot end, bell, and socket of thepipe and the accessories shall be gaged with suitable gages atsufficiently frequent intervals to ensure that the dimensionscomply with the requirements of this specification. The small-est inside diameter (ID) of the sockets
34、and the outside diameter(OD) of the spigot ends shall be tested with circular gauges.Other socket dimensions shall be gauged as may be appropri-ate.5.2 ThicknessMinus thickness tolerances of pipe shall notexceed those shown in Table 5.NOTE 1An additional minus tolerance of 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) shall be
35、permitted along the barrel of the pipe for a distance not to exceed 12 in.(305 mm).6. Coating and Lining6.1 Outside CoatingThe outside coating for use undernormal conditions shall be a shop-applied coating approxi-mately 1 mil (0.025 mm) thick. The coating shall be applied tothe outside of all pipe,
36、 unless otherwise specified. The finishedcoating shall be continuous and smooth, neither brittle whencold nor sticky when exposed to the sun, and shall be stronglyadherent to the pipe.6.2 Cement-Mortar LiningsUnless otherwise specified,the lining shall be cement-mortar in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C
37、104/A21.4.6.3 Special LiningsFor severely aggressive wastes, othertypes of linings may be available. Such special linings shall bespecified in the invitation for bids and on the purchase order.7. Pipe Design7.1 Step 1Design for trench load.7.1.1 Determine the trench load, Pv. Table 6 gives the trenc
38、hload, including the earth load, Pe, plus the truck load, Pt, for 2.5to 32 ft (0.76 to 9.75 m) of cover.7.1.2 Determine the standard laying condition from thedescriptions in Table 3 and select the appropriate table fordiameter-thickness ratios from Tables 7-12. Each table listsdiameter-thickness rat
39、ios calculated for both bending anddeflection over a range of trench loads.7.1.3 Refer to the column headed “Bending-Stress Design”in the appropriate table of Tables 7-12, and locate the tabulatedtrench load Pvfrom 7.1.1. If the calculated Pvis halfwaybetween two tabulated values, use the larger Pvv
40、alue. Selectthe corresponding D/t value for this Pv. Divide the pipesoutside diameter D (Table 2)bytheD/t value to obtain the netthickness t required for bending stress design.7.2 Step 2Addition of service allowance.7.2.1 Add the service allowance of 0.08 in. (2.0 mm) to thenet thickness t. The resu
41、lting thickness is the minimumthickness t1.7.3 Step 3Check deflection.7.3.1 Refer to the column headed “Deflection Check” in theappropriate table of Tables 7-12 and locate the tabulated trenchload Pvfrom 7.1.1. If the calculated Pvis between twotabulated values, use the larger Pvvalue. (If the calcu
42、lated Pvis less than the minimum Pvlisted in the table, the deflectiondoes not governproceed to Step 4.) Select the correspondingD/t1value for this Pv. Divide the pipes outside diameter D(Table 2)bytheD/t1value to obtain the minimum thickness t1required for deflection. Compare this value to the requ
43、iredminimum thickness t1from 7.2.1.Ifthet1required fordeflection is less than the t1from 7.2.1, then deflection does notgovernproceed to Step 4. If the t1required for deflection isgreater than the t1from 7.2.1, then deflection governs and theminimum thickness t1required for deflection should be used
44、 inStep 4.7.4 Step 4Add the casting allowance.7.4.1 Add the casting allowance from Table 5 to theminimum manufacturing thickness t1. The resulting thicknessis the total calculated thickness.A746 183TABLE 3 Design Values for Standard Laying ConditionsALaying Condition Description E psiBBeddingAngle,
45、KbKxFlat-bottom trenchCloose backfill.D150 30 0.235 0.108Flat-bottom trench.CBackfill lightly consolidated tocenterline of pipe.300 45 0.210 0.105Pipe bedded in 4-in. (102 mm) min loose soil.EBackfilllightly consolidated to top of pipe.400 60 0.189 0.103Pipe bedded in sand, gravel, or crushed stone
46、to depth of18 pipe diameter, 4-in. (102 mm) min. Backfill compactedto top of pipe. (Approximately 80 percent StandardProctor, AASHTO T-99.)F500 90 0.157 0.096Pipe bedded in compacted granular material to centerline ofpipe, 4 in. (102 mm) minimum under pipe. CompactedgranularGor selectEmaterial to to
47、p of pipe.(Approximately 90 percent Standard Proctor, AASHTOT-99.)700 150 0.128 0.085Type “Deep Bury”Pipe bedded to the top of the pipe with angular gradedstone (14-to112-in.) or well-graded gravel. Minimumunder pipe. Compact the angular graded stone or well-graded gravel to top of pipe. (Approximat
48、ely 95 percentStandard Proctor, AASHTO T-99.)1500 150 0.128 0.085AConsideration of the pipe-zone embedment conditions included in this table may be influenced by factors other than pipe strength. For additional information seeANSI/AWWA C600, Standard for installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and
49、Their Appurtenances.B1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.CFlat-bottom is defined as undisturbed earth.DFor pipe 14 in. (350 mm) and larger, consideration should be given to use of laying conditions other than Type 1.ELoose soil or select material is defined as native soil excavated from the trench, free of rocks, foreign materials, and frozen earth.FAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 225, Washington D.C. 20001.GGranular materials are defined per AASHTO Soil Classi
