1、Designation: C1048 121C1048 18Standard Specification forHeat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1 NOTESection 9 was updated editorially in November
3、2012.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for monolithic flat heat-strengthened and fully tempered coated and uncoatedglass produced on a horizontal tempering system used in general building construction and other applications.1.2 This specification does not address bent glass, or
4、heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass manufactured on a verticaltempering system.1.3 The dimensional values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method porti
5、on, Section 10, of this specification: This standarddoes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the applic
6、ability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the Wor
7、ld Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2,3C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsC346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic MaterialsC724 Test Method for Acid Resistance of Ceramic Decorations on Architectural-Type
8、GlassC978 Test Method for Photoelastic Determination of Residual Stress in a Transparent Glass Matrix Using a PolarizingMicroscope and Optical Retardation Compensation ProceduresC1036 Specification for Flat GlassC1203 Test Method for Quantitative Determination of Alkali Resistance of a Ceramic-Glass
9、 EnamelC1279 Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Measurement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed, Heat-Strengthened, and Fully Tempered Flat GlassC1376 Specification for Pyrolytic and Vacuum Deposition Coatings on Flat GlassE1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Bui
10、ldings2.2 ANSI Standard:Z97.1 Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test for Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings42.3 Other Documents:CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials5GANA 01-0116 Proper Procedures for Cleaning Architectural Glass Products1 This s
11、pecification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C14 on Glass and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.08 on Flat Glass.Current edition approved March 15, 2012Oct. 1, 2018. Published May 2012November 2018. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition appro
12、ved in 20042012as C1048 04.C1048 12a1. DOI: 10.1520/C1048-12E01.10.1520/C1048-18.2 Reference to these documents shall be the latest issue unless otherwise specified by the authority applying this specification.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Custom
13、er Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute, 25W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, NewYork, NY10036, and theAccredited Standards Committee Z97 website in
14、 electronicformat at .5 Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit
15、 may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr H
16、arbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this specification, refer to Terminology C162 and Specification C1036.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bow, bownthe deviation in flatness of
17、 a lite of glass, expressed over the entire width or length dimension of the glassor over a smaller, local area (see 10.7 for measurement technique). Also known as warp.3.2.2 coating voids, condition Buncoated areas forming unintentional discernable irregularities in the intended flood coat,pattern,
18、 or image.3.2.3 edge curl (also edge lift, edge kink)an out-of-plane deformation near the physical leading and/or trailing edges of flatglass processed in a horizontal roller hearth furnace, observed as being concave or convex in nature.3.2.4 heat-treated glass, glassna term used to reference both h
19、eat-strengthened and fully tempered glass.3.2.5 heat-treating, heat-treatingvthe process of heating and cooling annealed glass in a tempering system to produce eitherheat-strengthened or fully tempered glass.3.2.6 opaque particleundispersed debris trapped in the coated surface.3.2.7 relief cutthe re
20、moval of a narrow section of glassfrom the glass edge to the rim of a glass hole intended to reducebreakage and stress concentrations during the fabrication and heat-treating process.3.2.8 scattered pinholessmall light transmitting voids in applied ceramic frit coatings, requiring backlighting for v
21、isibility.3.2.9 screen mark (mesh mark)a mesh pattern left by a silk screen process in the applied ceramic glass enamel before or afterfiring.3.2.10 thermal stress, stressnedge stress caused by thermal gradients across the glass surface.4. Classification4.1 KindsFlat glass furnished under this speci
22、fication shall be of the following kinds, as specified (see Section 6):4.1.1 Kind HSHeat-strengthened glass shall be flat glass, either transparent or patterned, in accordance with the applicablerequirements of Specification C1036 as further processed to conform with the requirements hereinafter spe
23、cified for heat-strengthened glass.4.1.2 Kind FTFully tempered glass shall be flat glass, either transparent or patterned in accordance with the applicablerequirements of Specification C1036 as further processed to conform with the requirements hereinafter specified for fully temperedglass.4.2 Condi
24、tionsGlass furnished under this specification shall be of the following conditions, as specified (see Section 6):4.2.1 Condition AUncoated surfaces.4.2.2 Condition BFully or partially ceramic coated glass. (Seeglass having 8.3.)a ceramic coating of a specified color, pattern,or image which has been
25、fused onto and made an integral part of the surface of the glass as a result of the heat treating process.4.2.3 Condition COther coated glass. (Seeglass with 8.4.)a pyrolytic or vacuum deposition coating typically applied to affectcharacteristics such as solar heat gain, energy performance, comfort
26、level, condensation, and the aesthetics of the building.4.3 Types, Classes, Forms, Qualities, and Finishesthese are described in Specification C1036.5. Intended Use5.1 Kind HSHeat-strengthened glass is used as architectural glazing when additional resistance to wind pressure or thermalstress, or bot
27、h, and/or thermal stress is desired, but the strength or safety break pattern of fully tempered glass is not required.Whenbroken, heat-strengthened glass fragments are more similar in size and shape to annealed glass fragments than to fully temperedglass particles, and thus tend to stay in the openi
28、ng longer than fully tempered glass particles.NOTE 1Caution: Monolithic heat-strengthened glass is not suitable for safety glazing as defined by ANSI Z97.1 or CPSC 16 CFR 1201.5.2 Kind FTFully tempered glass is used in architectural glazing applications when significant additional strength is needed
29、to resist wind pressure or thermal stress, or both. pressure, a mechanical load and/or thermal stress. When broken, fully temperedglass fractures (dices) into relatively small particles. Fully tempered glass with sufficient surface compression to meet therequirements of safety glazing standard such
30、as CPSC 16, CFR 1201, or ANSI Z97.1, or both, Z97.1 is considered a safety glassbecause it fractures into relatively small pieces thereby greatly reducing the likelihood of serious cutting or piercing injuries incomparison to ordinary annealed glass. For some applications, such as doors used for pas
31、sage, tub and shower enclosures and fixedglass in close proximity to a walking surface, fully tempered safety glass is required by building codes and ordinances. Fullytempered safety glass is often used for other applications where its strength or safety characteristics, or both, are desirable sucha
32、s table tops, counter tops, show case enclosures, refrigeration and food service equipment, furniture, and similar applications.C1048 1826. Ordering Information6.1 Purchasers should select the preferred options permitted in this specification and include the following information inprocurement docum
33、ents:6.1.1 Number, date, and title of this specification.6.1.2 Kind, condition, type, class, style, form, quality, finish, and pattern of glass as applicable (see Section 4).6.1.3 Fabrication requirements (see 7.17.7).6.1.4 Requirements for fittings and hardware (see 7.27.1).6.1.5 Custom design or t
34、exture required (see 7.7).6.1.5 Glass thickness (see 9.1).6.1.6 Pattern-cut glassNon-rectangular shapes must be within the tolerances specified (see 9.3).6.1.7 When surface or edge compression test is required for heatstrengthened or fully tempered glass (see 8.1.1).6.1.8 When break safe characteris
35、tics are required for fully tempered glass (see 8.1.2).6.1.9 Color or tint of glass (see 8.2).6.1.10 When either permanent or temporary identification marking is required (see Section 11).6.1.11 Surface treatment or coatingsCoatings, color, pattern, percent coverage, or image for Condition B and Con
36、dition C glass(see 8.3 and 8.4).6.1.12 When addition of fallout resistance capability is required for Condition A, Condition B, or Condition C glasses used asspandrels. (Normally achieved by adhering a reinforcing material to the glass surface.) (See 10.3.)7. Fabrication Properties and Fabrication o
37、f Heat-Treated Glass7.1 FabricationAll fabrication, such as cutting to overall dimensions, edgework, drilled holes, notching, grinding,sandblasting, and etching, shall be performed before heat-strengthening or tempering and shall be as specified (see Section 6 and7.8). After the glass has been heat-
38、strengthened or tempered, it shall not be modified except as recommended by the fabricator;for example, some Condition C coatings. No modification shall be made that will affect its structural characteristics or integrityas specified in this standard.NOTE 2The stress distribution and fracture charac
39、teristics of heat-treated glass result in some unique properties and fabrication considerations forheat-strengthened and fully tempered glass.The information and guidelines in this section are meant to provide understanding and guidance to heat-treatedglass users including, but not limited to, archi
40、tects, owners, specifiers, consultants, and contractors.7.2 Fittings and HardwareRequirements for fittings and hardware shall be as specified (see Section 6) or as shown on plansor drawings. Fittings and hardware specified shall be compatible with glass fabrication limitations.7.1 Distortion:7.1.1 H
41、eat-strengthened and fully tempered glass is made by heating annealed glass in a tempering system to a temperature atwhich the glass becomes slightly plastic. Immediately after heating, the glass surfaces are rapidly cooled by quenching with air.The original flatness of the glass is slightly modifie
42、d by the process, causing reflected images to be distorted.When viewing imagesthrough the glass, the distortion, in most glazing applications, is less than that of reflected images.7.1.2 Heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass that has been produced in a horizontal tempering system may contain su
43、rfacedistortion (for example, picture framing, heat distortion or roller wave distortion). Distortion may be detected when viewing imagesreflected from the glass surface.in reflection or transmission and may be more noticeable at viewing angles other thanperpendicular.7.1.3 Pressures exerted around
44、the periphery of glass by the glazing system can also alter glass flatness, thereby distortingreflected images. This is true regardless of whether the glass is annealed, heat-strengthened, or fully tempered.7.1.4 Sealed insulating glass units also exhibit distortion regardless of glass type. Air or
45、other gas, sealed in the gap betweenthe lites of glass, expands or contracts with temperature and barometric changes, creating a pressure differential between the sealedgap and the atmosphere. The glass reacts to the pressure differential by being deflected inward or outward.7.1.5 Regardless of glas
46、s flatness, the degree of reflected distortion perceived is largely due to the characteristics or symmetryof the object being reflected. Linear objects (such as building curtain walls and telephone poles) and moving objects (such as cars)may appear distorted. Irregular and free-form objects such as
47、trees and clouds may appear to have less perceived distortion.7.1.6 Specified bow limits may not adequately define, or control, the distortion that may become apparent after glazing. Thefactors, noted above, may have a larger influence on the perceived reflected distortion than that which is caused
48、by bow from theheat-treating process. Consultation with suppliers and the viewing of full-size mock-ups, under typical job conditions andsurroundings, is highly recommended for evaluation of reflective distortion.7.2 Strain PatternA strain pattern, also known as iridescence, is inherent in all heat-
49、strengthened and fully tempered glass.This strain pattern may become visible under certain polarized lighting and other conditions. It is a characteristic of heat-treatedglass and should not be mistaken as discoloration, non-uniform tint or color, or a defect in the glass. The strain pattern does notaffect any physical properties or performance values of the glass.7.3 Edge Curl (also edge lift, edge kink)Glass which is heat treated in a horizontal furnace may show some level of edge curl.C1048 1837.4 Surface ParticlesThe pro
