1、Designation: C1491 14C1491 18Standard Specification forConcrete Roof Pavers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1491; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthes
2、es indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers concrete roof pavers that are machine-made from hydraulic cement, water, and suitable mineralaggregates with or without the inc
3、lusion of other materials, for use as roof ballast and protection of roof membranes.NOTE 1The design of roof ballast systems for resisting wind uplift is beyond the scope of this specification. Building codes and other standards shouldbe consulted in designing for wind uplift resistance.1.2 The text
4、 of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in p
5、arentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appro
6、priate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for
7、 the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC140C140/C140M Test Methods for Sampling and Testing C
8、oncrete Masonry Units and Related UnitsC150C150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC331C331/C331M Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry UnitsC595C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan
9、for Use in ConcreteC989C989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1157C1157/C1157M Performance Specification for Hydraulic CementC1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units (Withdrawn 2009)3C1232 Terminology for MasonryC1262C1262/C1262M Test Method for
10、 Evaluating the Freeze-Thaw Durability of Dry-Cast Segmental RetainingWall Units andRelated Concrete Units3. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminology C1209 and Terminology C1232 shall apply to this specification.4. Material4.1 Cementitious MaterialsMaterials shall conform to the following a
11、pplicable specifications:4.1.1 Portland CementSpecification C150C150/C150M.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.03 onConcrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved De
12、c. 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2018. Published December 2014December 2018. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20132014as C1491 13.C1491 14. DOI: 10.1520/C1491-14.10.1520/C1491-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at se
13、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version
14、. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section
15、 appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.2 Modified Portland CementPortland cement conforming to Specification C150C150/C150M, modified as follows:4.1.2.1 LimestoneLimestone, with a minim
16、um 85 % calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content, shall be permitted to be added to thecement, provided the requirements of Specification C150C150/C150M are modified as follows:(1) Limitation on Insoluble Residue1.5 %.(2) Limitation on Air Content of MortarVolume percent, 22 % max.(3) Limitation on Loss on
17、 Ignition7 %.4.1.3 Blended CementsCement conforming to either Specification C595C595/C595M or Specification C1157C1157/C1157M.4.1.4 PozzolansSpecification C618.4.1.5 Blast Furnace SlagSpecification C989C989/C989M.4.2 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the following specifications, except that gra
18、ding requirements shall notnecessarily apply:4.2.1 Normal Weight AggregatesSpecification C33C33/C33M.4.2.2 Lightweight AggregatesSpecification C331C331/C331M.4.3 Other ConstituentsAir-entraining agents, coloring pigments, integral water repellents, finely ground silica, and otherconstituents shall b
19、e previously established as suitable for use in concrete roof pavers and shall conform to applicable ASTMstandards or shall be shown by test or experience satisfactory to the purchaser to be not detrimental to the durability of the unitsor any material customarily used in concrete roof pavers.5. Phy
20、sical Requirements5.1 At the time of delivery to the work site, the units shall conform to the physical requirements of Table 1 when tested inaccordance with 8.2.5.2 Resistance to Flexural LoadThe average resistance to flexural load for three paver units shall exceed 350 lb (1557 N) andresistance to
21、 flexural load of each individual unit shall exceed 280 lb (1246 N) when tested in accordance with 8.2.5.3 Ballast WeightRequirements for ballast weight per unit area shall be specified separately.5.4 Freeze-Thaw DurabilityIn areas where repeated freezing and thawing under saturated conditions occur
22、, freeze-thawdurability shall be demonstrated by test or by proven field performance that the concrete roof paver units have adequate durabilityfor the intended use. When testing is required by the specifier to demonstrate freeze-thaw durability, the units shall be tested inaccordance with 8.3.5.4.1
23、 Specimens shall comply with either of the following: (1) the weight loss of each of five test specimens at the conclusionof 100 cycles shall not exceed 1 % of its initial weight; or (2) the weight loss of each of four or five test specimens at the conclusionof 150 cycles shall not exceed 1.5 % of i
24、ts initial weight.NOTE 2This specification does not include criteria for hail stone impact. Where required, these criteria should be specified by the purchaser. AppendixX1 is provided as guidance to specifying hail-impact resistance.6. Permissible Variations in Dimension and Weight6.1 Overall dimens
25、ions for width, height, and length shall not differ by more than 618 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified standarddimensions.6.2 Ballast weight shall not differ by more than 62.0 lb/ft2 (9.7 kg/m2) from the specified weight.7. Finish and Appearance7.1 All units shall be sound and free of cracks or other
26、defects that would interfere with the proper placement of the unit orwould significantly impair the strength or permanence of the construction. Minor cracks incidental to the usual method ofmanufacture or minor chipping resulting from customary methods of handling in shipment and delivery are not gr
27、ounds forrejection.TABLE 1 Physical RequirementsDensity Classification Oven-Dry Densityof Concretelb/ft3 (kg m3)Maximum WaterAbsorption,lb/ft3 (kg m3)Minimum Net AreaCompressive Strength,lb/in.2 (MPa)Average of 3 units Average of 3 units Individual Unit Average of 3 units Individual UnitLightweight
28、95 (1522) or less 15 (240) 17 (272) 3000 (20.7) 2600 (17.9)Medium Weight Over 95 to 115(1522 to 1842)13 (208) 15 (240) 3000 (20.7) 2600 (17.9)Normal Weight Over 115 (1842) 10 (160) 12 (192) 3000 (20.7) 2600 (17.9)C1491 1827.2 Five percent of the units in a shipment are permitted to contain chips not
29、 larger than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in any dimension, orcracks not wider than 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and not longer than 25 % of the nominal height of the unit.7.3 A shipment shall not contain more than 5% of units, including broken units, that do not meet the requirements of 6.1 and7.2.8. Sampling and Testing8
30、.1 The purchaser or authorized representative shall be accorded proper facilities to inspect and sample the units at the placeof manufacture from the lots ready for delivery.8.2 Compressive strength, flexural load, absorption, density, ballast weight and dimensional tolerances shall be based on test
31、sof concrete roof pavers of any configuration or dimensions made with the same materials, concrete mix design, manufacturingprocess, and curing method, conducted in accordance with Test Methods C140C140/C140M and within 12 months of productionof the units.8.3 When required, freeze-thaw durability sh
32、all be based on tests of concrete roof pavers of any configuration or dimensionmade with the same materials, concrete mix design, manufacturing process, and curing method, conducted in accordance with TestMethod C1262C1262/C1262M and within 24 months of production of the units.9. Compliance9.1 If a
33、sample falls to conform to the specified requirements, the manufacturer shall be permitted to remove units from theshipment. A new sample shall be selected by the purchaser from remaining units from the shipment with a similar configurationand dimension and tested at the expense of the manufacturer.
34、 If the second sample meets the specified requirements, the remainingportion of the shipment represented by the sample meets the specified requirements. If the second sample fails to meet the specifiedrequirements, the remaining portion of the shipment represented by the sample fails to meet the spe
35、cified requirements.C1491 183NOTE 3Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, the cost of tests is typically borne as follows: (1) If the results of the tests show that theunits do not conform to the requirements of this specification, the cost is typically borne by the seller. (2) If the res
36、ults of the tests show that the unitsconform to the specification requirements, the cost is typically borne by the purchaser.10. Keywords10.1 absorption; aggregates; ballast weight; cementitious; compressive strength; concrete roof pavers; durability; limestone;portland cementAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory I
37、nformation)X1. SPECIFYING RESISTANCE TO HAIL STONE IMPACTX1.1 Where the purchasers deign criteria include resistance to impact from hail, hailstorm activity can be estimated from Fig.X1.1. As further guidance, a minimum energy-impact resistance to hail stones in areas potentially subjected to modera
38、te to heavyhailstorm activity shall be 15 ft-lb (20.3 J). This impact energy is related to a hail stone of approximate diameter of 1.83 in. (46.5mm), having a density 90 % of that of water, and falling at the terminal velocity for a spherical shape. Fig. X1.1 is based on hailstorm activity reported
39、by the National Weather Service for the time period between 1955 and 1995 and includes all reported hailstorms with average hail stone diameter 1.8 in. (45.7 mm) or larger.X1.2 Recommended testing for hail stone impact resistance entails impacting three specimens, supported as they would be in use,e
40、ach to a series of three blows from a spherical ice ball of a size, configuration, and impact energy as outlined above. Failure ofany specimen would be defined as the complete fracturing of the test specimen through the height of the paver. (Dents, chips, orcracks shall not be considered as failure
41、of the test specimen.)FIG. X1.1 Hail Storm FrequencyC1491 184SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C1491 13C1491 14) that may impact the use of this standard. (December 1, 2014)2018)(1) Revised Section Updated 83.1 to ad
42、d a 12-month frequency for C140 tests.remove reference to C1209.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any suc
43、h patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited
44、 either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a f
45、air hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this s
46、tandard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.C1491 185
