1、Designation: D3376 14D3376 18Standard Test Methods ofSampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufactureof Electrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3376; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of cellulosic pulps for use in the manufactur
3、e of electrical insulatingpapers and boards or in the direct application of pulp fibers as insulation to electrical conductors.NOTE 1The Consider the significance of any one pulp property test method, as set forth herein, should be considered with discretion depending onthe product made from the pul
4、p.1.2 Sections on Reagents, Sampling, and Report are integral parts of each of the individual test methods that follow.1.3 Each test method is described as being a measure of either a bulk property of the pulp or a property of a handsheet formedfrom the pulp.1.3.1 Bulk characteristics determinable b
5、y these procedures appear in the following sections:Procedure SectionsASTMMethodReferenceTAPPIMethodReferenceAqueous Extract Conductivity 8 and 9 D202 .Aqueous Extract pH 10 and 11 D202 .Aqueous ExtractableAcidity-Alkalinity12 and 13 D202 .Analysis of Ash for Cations byAtomic Absorption Spectro-phot
6、ometry70 78 D1193 and D2576 .Ash Content 79 82 D202 T 413Dirt in Pulp 40 and 41 . T 213Fiber Analysis 23 and 24 D202 and D1030 .Fiber Length of Pulp 42 and 43 . T 232, T 233Freeness (Canadian StandardFreeness)53 and 54 . T 227Kappa Number/PermanganateNumber (SubstancesOxidizable by Permanga-nate)27
7、and 28 . T 236, UM 251Laboratory Processing of Pulp(Beater Method)51 and 52 . T 200Moisture in Pulp 31 33 . T 210Neutral Aqueous ExtractableHardness in Pulp16 22 D202, D1126, andD2576.Pentosan Content of Pulp 29 and 30 . T 223Resistance of Pulp toDisintegration (StandardRPG)44 50 . T 239, UM 252Shiv
8、e Count 34 39 . .Solvent-Soluble Matter in Pulp 25 and 26 D202 .Tensile Properties 65 69 D202 .Water-Extractable Chlorides 14 and 15 D202 .Procedure SectionsASTMMethodReferenceTAPPIMethodReferenceAqueous Extract Conductivity 8 equipped with a 2-L standard vessel, timer/timercontrolled power source,
9、1-s maximum time division.45.2 Handsheet MachineBritish Standard sheet machine in accordance with T 205, with couch roll, couch plate, 8 by 8-in.(200 by 200-mm) blotters, and a hot plate.45.3 BeakersSet of twelve numbered 50-mL beakers and set of twelve numbered 600-mL beakers.45.4 Graduated Cylinde
10、r, 500-mL, transparent.45.5 Vessel, to contain 1500 mL or more pulp, calibrated at 1500 mL.45.6 Sample Cup, to hold 50 mL of pulp slurry.45.7 Oven, drying, controlled at 105 6 3C.45.8 Balance, to weigh up to 100 g with 0.1-g accuracy.45.9 Weighing Bottle, to hold 10 g of pulp.45.10 Light BoxSource o
11、f uniform illumination (incandescent or fluorescent) with surface sufficiently large to hold twohandsheets (160-mm diameter disks).46. Test Specimens46.1 From the sample obtained as specified in Section 6, weigh out three specimens each equivalent to 60 g of moisture-freepulp. Determine the moisture
12、 content in accordance with Sections 31 33. Tear, do not cut, the test specimen from the test unit.47. Procedure47.1 Connect the disintegrator to the timed power outlet, and fill the disintegrator vessel with 2 L of water (25 6 5C). Selecta disintegration period appropriate to the resistance of the
13、pulp to disintegration.NOTE 7The times shown below may be used as are a guide for selecting the appropriate disintegration period.Resistance of Pulp to Dispersion Disintegration Periodslight 15moderate 30high 45Resistance of Pulpto Dispersion Disintegration Periodslight 15moderate 30high 4547.1.1 Ta
14、ke one specimen and briefly immerse it in the water in the disintegrator vessel to wet it thoroughly (for example, for15 s) in water at 25 6 5C. Tear the specimen into pieces about 20 mm square. If the pulp is flash dried, it is acceptable to splitit so that the specimen pieces are about 2.5 mm thic
15、k.D3376 18947.1.2 Quickly put the torn specimen into the disintegrator vessel and start the disintegration/sampling sequence. Disintegratethe specimen for one period, stop the disintegrator, remove 50 mL of the pulp slurry, and put it into beaker No. 1 (50 mL). Thesampling operation shall be perform
16、ed in 1 min or less to minimize any soaking effects that might arise during longer time periods.NOTE 8On occasion, lumps of pulp will tend to remain stationary, caught in the flutings on the disintegrator vessel wall. It is necessary to ensurethat any such lumps are mixed back into the bulk of the p
17、ulp slurry to ensure uniform disintegration response.47.1.3 Repeat this sequence eleven more times, yielding a total of twelve slurry specimens.47.2 Make up the first slurry specimen to 1.5 Lwith tap water (25 6 5C), and pour 500 mLinto the transparent cylinder. Coverthe cylinder with one hand, and
18、turn end-over-end twice to mix the stock. Inspect the contents of the cylinder by viewing the slurryagainst a light source. Note the appearance of the slurry relative to these stages of disintegration:(a) gross lumps of pulp(b) few lumps/many fiber bundles(c) few fiber bundles(d) no fiber bundles47.
19、2.1 Make a handsheet from 500 mLof the diluted stock, couch it, and dry it on the hot plate (between the blotters), and markthe handsheet with the slurry specimen number. It is not necessary to press, or air-dry the handsheet, as it will only be used forvisual inspection.47.2.2 Repeat the stock dilu
20、tion, inspection, and sheet marking for the eleven remaining slurry specimens.47.2.3 Subject the remaining stock to a further disintegration of 20 min; then sample and prepare a handsheet in accordance with47.2 and 47.2.1. This further 20-min disintegration will yield stock and handsheet specimens t
21、hat are considered to be fullydisintegrated reference specimens.47.3 Place the No. 1 sheet (first slurry sample) on the light box, and inspect it. Note the appearance of the sheet as in 47.2.Compare the sheet with the reference sheet made in accordance with 47.2.3, which is considered to be fully di
22、sintegrated.47.3.1 Compare the remaining 11 sheets, noting at which point complete disintegration is obtained, and at which no change isobserved in later specimen handsheets.47.4 Repeat 47.1.1 47.3.1, except 47.2.3, using disintegration period such that complete disintegration will be achieved in no
23、tless than four but not more than ten disintegration periods.47.4.1 Test two specimen lots to conform to the above requirement.48. Calculation48.1 Calculate the resistance to disintegration as follows:Resistance to disintegration expressed in revolutions per gram (3)RPG!5n t S/6020.75 n 21!#where:n
24、= number of periods to complete disintegration,t = disintegration period in minutes, andS = speed of disintegrator (usually 3000 rpm)S = speed of disintegrator (usually 3000 rpm).The 60 0.75 (n 1) term corrects for the withdrawal of the specimen masses from the slurry.NOTE 9As the slurry specimens a
25、re withdrawn, the mass of pulp remaining is progressively reduced. The “first” slurry specimen experiences a RPGof:1 t 33000/60 (4)The second experiences the same as the first plus:1t 33000/6021.5! (5)Averaging such a sum for the nth slurry specimen, it will have undergone an RPG of:n t 33000/6021/2
26、!n 21!1.5!#,or (6)n t 33000/6020.75 n 21! (7)49. Report49.1 Report the mean of two resistance to disintegration determinations, giving the mean, and range to two significant figures.49.1.1 Report if the disintegrator was run at any speed other than 3000 rpm.50. Precision and Bias50.1 The precision o
27、f this test has not been determined. No statement can be made about the bias of this test since a standardmaterial is not available.D3376 1810LABORATORY PROCESSING OF PULP(BEATER METHOD)51. Significance and Use51.1 The beater method is used to evaluate the relative refining behavior of pulp. The ref
28、ining behavior is characterized by thechange with time of freeness (or slowness), and the development of physical sheet properties (see sections below). This test isuseful for control tests, the comparison of different pulps, and research.52. Procedure52.1 Follow TAPPI T 200.FREENESS (CANADIAN STAND
29、ARD FREENESS)53. Significance and Use53.1 Freeness (or slowness) is a measure of the drainage rate of a pulp slurry. Drainage rate is commonly used to indicate thedegree of refining of a pulp.NOTE 10Other drainage rate measures used in the paper industry include:(1) Schopper Riegler Freeness (Slowne
30、ss) SCAN MS:65 Drainability of Pulp by Schopper Riegler Method.(2) Drainage Time of Pulp. TAPPI Standard Method T 221.(3) Drainage Time for Insulating Board. TAPPI Standard Method T 1002.(4) Freeness of Pulp (Williams Tester). TAPPI Useful Method UM 203.54. Procedure54.1 Follow TAPPI T 227.FORMING H
31、ANDSHEETS FOR PHYSICAL TESTS OF PULP55. Significance and Use55.1 The forming of handsheets permits the comparison of pulps with respect to their physical properties at different degreesof refining.56. Procedure56.1 Follow TAPPI T 205.AIR RESISTANCE (POROSITY)57. Significance and Use57.1 Air resistan
32、ce measurements on handsheets allow the comparison of pulps with respect to the development of air resistancewith degree of refining. Air resistance is related to the dielectric strength and absorbency of electrical insulations.58. Procedure58.1 Make pulp handsheets for testing in accordance with Se
33、ction 56.58.2 Test for air resistance in accordance with Test Methods D202.BURSTING STRENGTH59. Significance and Use59.1 Bursting strength has considerable use as a control test to indicate general physical strength. This method is useful forcomparing the potential bursting strength of different pul
34、ps at specified degrees of refining.60. Procedure60.1 Make pulp handsheets in accordance with Section 56.60.2 Test for bursting strength in accordance with Test Methods D202 and D774/D774M.FOLDING ENDURANCE (M.I.T.)61. Significance and Use61.1 Folding endurance of paper is a measure of its toughness
35、 and brittleness. It is sensitive to changes in the paper, and isacceptable as a measure of thermal aging. This method is useful for comparing the potential folding strength of different pulps atspecified degrees of refining.D3376 181162. Procedure62.1 Make pulp handsheets in accordance with Section
36、 56.62.2 Test for folding endurance in accordance with Test Methods D202 and D2176.APPARENT DENSITY63. Significance and Use63.1 Many physical and electrical properties of paper are related to the apparent density. The ease with which a sheet of desireddensity can be is obtained is an important measu
37、re of the usefulness of a pulp. This method is useful for comparing the potentialdensity of insulations made from different pulps of specified degrees of refining.64. Procedure64.1 Make pulp handsheets in accordance with Section 56.64.2 Determine density in accordance with Test Methods D202, Method
38、B.TENSILE PROPERTIES65. Scope65.1 This test method includes procedures for determination of tensile strength, elongation, and tensile energy absorption (TEA)on pulp handsheets. It is acceptable to use the method to determine any or all of the three properties, as desired.65.2 This international stan
39、dard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.66. Sig
40、nificance and Use66.1 This test is useful in determining the potential tensile properties of products which will be made from the pulp beingstudied; and the effects of refining operations on the potential tensile properties.66.2 See the applicable sections of Test Methods D202 for further informatio
41、n on significance of the individual properties.67. Procedure67.1 Prepare pulp handsheets in accordance with Section 56.67.2 Determine the specified tensile properties of the handsheets in accordance with the method for Tensile Properties as givenin Test Methods D202, except use an initial test span
42、of 51 6 3 mm (2.0 6 0.1 in.) and a speed of 6 mmmin (0.25 in.min) whendetermining TEA.68. Report68.1 Report in accordance with Section 7 and the applicable sections of Test Methods D202.69. Precision and Bias69.1 Refer to the applicable sections of Test Methods D202.ANALYSIS OF ASH FOR CATIONS BYATO
43、MICABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY70. Significance and Use70.1 In some instances, the ash of pulp for electrical insulation will contain cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, andmagnesium. The presence of these cations has the potential to affect the dielectric characteristics and service performance
44、ofelectrical paper made from the pulp. Cations react with some process constituents in the paper-making process, formingundesirable precipitates.70.2 This test determines sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium from one dissolved ash specimen.71. Interferences71.1 The analysis of calcium, magnesiu
45、m, potassium, and sodium in unbleached wood pulp is unlikely to be subject tointerferences. Therefore, the addition of an interference suppressant for analysis is unnecessary.D3376 181272. Apparatus and Materials72.1 Use apparatus and chemicals as specified in Test Method D2576.73. Reagents73.1 Wate
46、rUse reagent water conforming to the requirements in Specification D1193, for Reagent Water Type I, wheneverwater is specified in this method.73.2 Hydrochloric Acid (sp gr 1.19)Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl).73.3 Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99)Add one volume of HCl (sp gr 1.19) to 99 volumes of wat
47、er.73.4 Stock SolutionsPurchased solutions will have the expiration date on the label. Solutions prepared in the testing laboratoryare likely to be stable for one year, if kept in well-stoppered polyethylene bottles.73.4.1 Calcium (1 mL = 1.0 mg Ca, equivalent to 1000 mgL Ca)Weigh 2.497 g of calcium
48、 carbonate (CaCO3) and transferit to a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 10 mL of water. Pour 10 mL of HCl (sp gr 1.19) slowly down the side of the flask. Add anadditional 200 mL of water, and heat until solution is complete. Cool and dilute to 1 L.73.4.2 Magnesium (1 mL = 0.1 mg Mg, equivalent to 100 mg
49、L Mg)Dissolve 1.0135 g of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate(MgSO47H2O) in 200 mL of water, and dilute to 1 L.73.4.3 Potassium (1 mL = 1 mg K, equivalent to 1000 mgL K)Dissolve 1.907 g of potassium chloride (KCl) in 1 L of water.73.4.4 Sodium (1 mL = 1 mg Na, equivalent to 1000 mg/L Na)Dissolve 2.542 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 1 L of water.73.5 Standard SolutionsDilute the stock solutions with HCl (1 + 99) to prepare the standards to be used for calibration. Makethese solutions immediately before use, since they have limi
