1、Designation: D5424 18Standard Test Method forSmoke Obscuration of Insulating Materials Contained inElectrical or Optical Fiber Cables When Burning in a VerticalCable Tray Configuration1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5424; the number immediately following the designation indicat
2、es the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 Th
3、is test method provides a means to measure thesmoke obscuration resulting from burning electrical insulatingmaterials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables whenthe cable specimens, excluding accessories, are subjected to aspecified flaming ignition source and burn freely under wellventilat
4、ed conditions.1.3 This test method provides two different protocols forexposing the materials, when made into cable specimens, to anignition source (approximately 20 kW), for a 20 min testduration. Use it to determine the flame propagation and smokerelease characteristics of the materials contained
5、in single andmulticonductor electrical or optical fiber cables designed foruse in cable trays.1.4 This test method does not provide information on thefire performance of electrical or optical fiber cables in fireconditions other than the ones specifically used in this testmethod, nor does it measure
6、 the contribution of the cables to adeveloping fire condition.1.5 Data describing the burning behavior from ignition tothe end of the test are obtained.1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured.1.7 The burning behavior is documented visually, by pho-tographic or video recordings, or bo
7、th.1.8 The test equipment is suitable for making other,optional, measurements, including the rate of heat release ofthe burning specimen, by an oxygen consumption techniqueand weight loss.1.9 Another set of optional measurements are the concen-trations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion
8、gases.1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI 10.)1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
9、this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.13 This
10、standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions
11、.1.14 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers
12、to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationD5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread, SmokeObscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of Insulating Mate-rials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables WhenBurning in a V
13、ertical Cable Tray ConfigurationE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or GeneratedDuring Fires1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic
14、Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.17 on Fire and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D5424 14. DOI:10.1520/D5424-18.2For referenced ASTM standar
15、ds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Internati
16、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guid
17、es and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units
18、 (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 70 National Electrical CodeNFPA 289 Standard Method of Fire Test for Individual FuelPackages2.3 Underwriters Laboratories Standards:4UL 1581 Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables,and Flexible CordsUL1685 StandardVerticalTray Fire Prop
19、agation and SmokeRelease Test for Electrical and Optical Fiber Cables2.4 Canadian Standards Association Standards:5CSA Standard FT-4 Vertical Flame Tests: Cables in CableTrays, Section 4.11.4 in C22.2 No. 0.3, Test Methods forElectrical Wires and Cables2.5 IEEE Standards:6IEEE 1202 Standard for Flam
20、e Testing of Cables for Use inCable Tray in Industrial and Commercial Occupancies2.6 Other Standards:CA Technical Bulletin 133 Flammability Test Procedure forSeating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies, January,19917Nordtest Method NT Fire 032 Upholstered Furniture: Burn-ing BehaviorFull Scale T
21、est8ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary93. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod and associated with fire issues, refer to TerminologyE176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions givenin Terminology E176 shall prevail. For definitions of termsused in this
22、 test method and associated with electrical insula-tion issues, refer to Terminology D1711.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 sample, nan amount of the cable type and construc-tion to be tested, which is representative of the product for test.3.2.2 specimen, nthe individual len
23、gth of cable, or cablebundle, to be placed in the cable tray, which is representativeof the product to be tested.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This fire-test-response standard determines a number offire-test-response characteristics associated with smoke obscu-ration resulting from burning the materi
24、als insulating full-scalespecimens of electrical or optical fiber cables located in avertical cable tray and ignited with a propane gas burner. Thistest method is also suitable for making other, optionalmeasurements, including rates of heat release, total amounts ofheat released, rates and concentra
25、tions of carbon oxidesreleased, and rates and amounts of mass of the specimen lost(see Appendix X2). Further optional measurements are alsopossible.4.2 The vertical cable tray that holds the specimen is locatedin an enclosure of specified dimensions.4.3 A hood, connected to a duct, is located above
26、the fireenclosure. Smoke release instrumentation is placed in the duct.Heat and gas analysis release instrumentation (optional) is alsoplaced in the duct.4.4 Two different test procedures are specified, which differin the burner used and in the electrical or optical fiber cableloading. These reflect
27、 details of three existing test methods: UL1581 (protocol A) and CSA Standard FT-4 in C22.2 No. 0.3-M1985, or IEEE 1202 (protocol B) and UL 1685 (bothprotocols).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a varietyof fire-test-response characteristics associated with smok
28、eobscuration and resulting from burning the electrical insulatingmaterials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables. Thespecimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilatedconditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner.5.2 Smoke obscuration quantifies the visibility in fires
29、.5.3 This test method is also suitable for measuring the rateof heat release as an optional measurement. The rate of heatrelease often serves as an indication of the intensity of the firegenerated. Test Method D5537 provides means for measuringheat release with the equipment used in this test method
30、.5.4 Other optional fire-test-response characteristics that aremeasurable by this test method are useful to make decisions onfire safety. The most important gaseous components of smokeare the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are majorindicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of theco
31、mpleteness of combustion, and are often used as part of firehazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy ofheat release measurements. Other toxic gases, which arespecific to certain materials, are less crucial for determiningcombustion completeness.5.5 Test Limitations:5.5.1 The fire-t
32、est-response characteristics measured in thistest method are a representation of the manner in which thespecimens tested behave under certain specific conditions. Donot assume they are representative of a generic fire perfor-mance of the materials tested when made into cables of theconstruction unde
33、r consideration.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 333 Pfingsten Rd.,Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, http:/.5Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Sp
34、ectrum Way,Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http:/www.csa.ca.6Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331, http:/www.ieee.org.7Available from Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation, State ofCalifornia
35、, Department of Consumer Affairs, 3485 Orange Grove Ave., NorthHighlands, CA 95660-5595.8Available from Nordtest, P.O. Box 22, SF-00341, Helsingfore, Finland, 1987.9Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Swit
36、zerland, http:/www.iso.ch.D5424 1825.5.2 In particular, it is unlikely that this test method is anadequate representation of the fire behavior of cables inconfined spaces, without abundant circulation of air.5.5.3 This is an intermediate-scale test, and the predictabil-ity of its results to large sc
37、ale fires has not been determined.Some information exists to suggest that it has been validatedagainst some large-scale scenarios.6. Apparatus6.1 Enclosure:6.1.1 The enclosure in which the specimen is tested isshown in Fig. 1.6.1.2 The enclosure has a floor area of 2.44 m 6 25 mm by2.44 m 6 25 mm, w
38、ith a height of 3.35 m 6 25 mm (8 ft 61 in. by 8 ft 6 1 in. by 11 ft 6 1 in. high). On top of the wallsthere is a pyramidal collection hood with a collection box.6.1.2.1 Other enclosure sizes, such as 2.4 by 2.4 by 2.4 m (8by 8 by 8 ft) or the 3 m cube are permitted, provided that theinternal volume
39、 of the enclosure, exclusive of the pyramidalhood, ranges between 14.5 and 36 m3(512 and 1272 ft3), thefloor area ranges between 6 and 9 m2(97 and 64 ft2), and themaximum air movement within the enclosure complies with6.1.10 (Note 1).NOTE 1There is, as yet, not enough information as to the equivalen
40、ceon smoke release between the various facilities. Further work needs to bedone to confirm this.6.1.2.2 In case of disputes, the referee method are the testsconducted using the enclosure in 6.1.2.6.1.3 WallsThe maximum conductive heat flux loss of thewalls of the structure is 6.8 W/(m2K) (30 Btu/h-f
41、t2), basedupon an inside wall temperature of 38C (100F) and anoutside air temperature of 24C (75F). Paint the interiorsurface of the walls flat black. Any materials of constructionthat meet the preceding requirements are acceptable. Twoexamples of acceptable construction materials are nominally152 m
42、m (6 in.) thick concrete masonry blocks (density:1700 kgm3(106 lb/ft3) and thermal conductivity nominallyk = 1.75 W/(m K), at 21C; 12.13 Btu in./ft2h F, at 70F), ornominally 13 mm (0.5 in.) gypsum board, with 89 6 6 mm (3.56 0.25 in.) of standard fiberglass insulation, with an R value of1.94 m2K/W (
43、which corresponds in practical units to an Rvalue of 11 h ft2F/Btu). Windows for observation of the firetest are allowed in the walls; ensure that the total area of thewindows does not exceed 1.86 m2(20 ft2).6.1.3.1 Select materials of construction which can withstandthe high temperatures and presen
44、ce of open flame within thetest enclosure and duct.6.1.4 Provide air intakes at the base of two opposite walls,one of which contains the access door. Ensure that the totalcross sectional area of the air intakes is 1.45 6 0.03 m4(22506 50 in.2), and that the intake areas are divided approximatelyFIG.
45、 1 Cable Test EnclosureD5424 183equally. Fig. 1 shows dimensions for the air intakes installed inthe walls. Air intakes are not permitted in either of the othertwo walls.6.1.5 Construct a door with wired glass and locate it asshown in Fig. 1. The door is 900 6 25 mm wide and 2100 625 mm high (35 6 1
46、 in. by 83 6 1 in.), with an overallconductive heat flux loss no greater than that of the walls, thatis, 6.8 W(m2K) (30 Btu/h-ft2).Asteel framed wired glass doorwill meet these requirements.Adequately seal the sides and thetop of the door to prevent drafts.6.1.6 Construct a truncated pyramid stainle
47、ss steel hood,formed as shown in Fig. 1, and locate it on top of the enclosurewalls. Make the slope on each side of the hood 40. Form a sealbetween the hood and the walls; a compressible inorganicbatting as gasket is suitable.6.1.7 Insulate the exterior of the hood to make an overallconductive heat
48、loss no greater than that of the walls.6.1.8 Locate a cubical stainless steel collection box (914 625 mm (36 6 1 in.) per side) on top of the exhaust hood, witha nominal 406 6 25 mm (16 6 1 in.) diameter stainless steelpipe exhaust duct centered in one side.6.1.9 Install the exhaust duct horizontall
49、y and connect it tothe plenum of the hood.6.1.10 Ensure that the maximum air movement within theenclosure, with only the intake and exhaust openings open, theexhaust fan on, and the burner off, does not exceed 1 m/s(3.3 fts), as measured by a vane-type anemometer in thefollowing areas: (1) at the floor level where the burner ispositioned during the test, and (2) at 1.50 6 0.05 m (4.9 ft 62 in.) above the enclosure floor, where the cable tray ispositioned during the test.6.1.11 Construct a square 610 6 25-mm (24 6 1-in.) baffle,centered over the
