1、Designation: E1972 04 (Reapproved 2011) An American National StandardStandard Practice forMinimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal RemovalEnvironment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1972; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for minimizing effectsof aerosols in
3、the wet metal removal environment.1.2 This practice incorporates all practical means andmechanisms to minimize aerosol generation and to controleffects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with it
4、s use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresE1302
5、Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker andWorkplace ProtectionE1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health an
6、dSafetyE2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworkingor Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible M
7、etalworking FluidsE2250 Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-tion in Water Miscible Metal Working Fluids (Withdrawn2008)3D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace Atmospheres2.2 OSHA (US Occupational Safety and Health Administra-tion) Standards:429 CFR 1910.134 Use of
8、Respiratory in the Workplace29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication2.3 Other Documents:ANSI Technical Report B11 TR 21997, Mist Control Con-siderations for the Design, Installation and Use of Ma-chine Tools Using Metalworking Fluids5Metal Working Fluid Optimization Guide, National Centerfor Manufactur
9、ing Sciences6Metal Removal Fluids, A Guide To Their Management andControl, Organization Resources Counselors, Inc.7Industrial Ventilation: AManual of Recommended Practice.8Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Expo-sure to Metalworking Fluids9Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best P
10、racticesManual103. Terminology3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this guide, refer toTerminology D1356 and E1542.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on OccupationalHealth and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Healthand Safety Standards f
11、or Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1972 - 04. DOI:10.1520/E1972-04R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serv
12、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government PrintingOffice, W
13、ashington, DC 20402.5Available from Association for Manufacturing Technology, 7901 WestparkDrive, McLean VA 22102.6Available from National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, Report 0274RE95,3025 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, MI 48018.7Available from Organization Resources Counselors, 1910 Sunderland Place,N
14、W., Washington, DC 20036 or from members of the Metal Working Fluid ProductStewardship Group (MWFPSGSM). Contact Independent Lubricant ManufacturersAssociation, 651 S. Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, for a list of membersof the MWFPSGSM.8Available from American Conference of Governmental In
15、dustrial Hygienists,1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.9Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.10Available from US Occ
16、upational Health and Safety Administration, 200Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.htmlCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This sta
17、ndard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dilution ventilation, nreferring to the supply andexhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or
18、 building, thedilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air for thepurpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explo-sion conditions, odors, and nuisance type contaminants, fromIndustrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.3.2.2 extractable mass, nthe material removed
19、 by liquidextraction of the sampling filter using a mixed-polarity solventmixture as described in Test Method D7049.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThis mass is an approximation of themetal removal fluid portion of the workplace aerosol.3.2.3 metal removal fluids, nthe subset of metalworkingfluids that are used f
20、or wet machining or grinding to producethe finished part.3.2.3.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids addressed by thisguide include straight or neat oils, not intended for furtherdilution with water, and soluble oils, semisynthetics, andsynthetics, all of which are intended to be diluted with waterbefore
21、 use.3.2.4 metal removal fluid aerosol, nAerosol generated byoperation of the machine tool itself as well as from circulationand filtration systems associated with wet metal removaloperations and may include airborne contaminants of a micro-bial origin.3.2.4.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluid aerosol d
22、oes notinclude background aerosol in the workplace atmosphere,which may include suspended insoluble particulate.3.2.5 total particulate matter, nthe mass of materialsampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filtercassette when operated at 2.0 L/min, as described in TestMethod D7049.3.2.5.1
23、DiscussionAs defined in Test Method D7049, totalparticulate matter is not a measure of the inhalable or thoracicparticulate mass.4. Significance and Use4.1 Use of this practice will minimize occupational expo-sure to aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.2 Excessive exposures to metal remo
24、val fluid aerosols areassociated with machinist complaints of respiratory irritation.4.3 Through implementation of this practice and incorpora-tion of a metal removal fluid management program, appropri-ate product selection, appropriate machine tool design,selection, and maintenance, and control of
25、microorganisms,users should be able to minimize complaints of machinistrespiratory irritation.5. Metal Removal Fluid Management5.1 Management of metal removal processes is the mostimportant step in minimizing exposure to metal removal fluidaerosols. As factors affecting aerosol generation areinterde
26、pendent, a systems approach to metal removal processmanagement will be the most effective approach.5.2 Aerosolization of metal removal fluids may result inairborne exposure not only to the formulated components ofthe fluid, but also to contaminants introduced into the fluidsystems while in use, incl
27、uding microbial contaminants.5.3 Establish a metal removal fluid control program. Addi-tional detailed guidance may be found in Practice E1497 and inMetal Removal Fluids, A Guide To Their Management andControl. Consult with your metal removal fluid suppliers.6. Product Selection6.1 Fluids vary in th
28、eir misting characteristics. Select fluidswith an understanding of their misting characteristics, bearingin mind available engineering control measures. Some fluidsmist less, other factors being equal. Misting characteristics maychange significantly with contamination. Some fluids retainentrained ai
29、r, causing a significant increase in mist generation,possibly in areas away from the metal removal fluid operation.Polymeric additives may be useful in reducing aerosol fromstraight or neat oils and some water-miscible metal removalfluids. Components or contaminants may be more concentratedin the ae
30、rosol phase relative to their concentrations in the bulkfluid.6.2 Practice E1497 and Metal Removal Fluids, A Guide ToTheir Management and Control describe product selectioncriteria. While specifically directed towards water-misciblemetalworking fluids, the same principles generally apply toselection
31、 of neat or straight metal removal fluids.6.3 Select fluids with an understanding of their acute andchronic toxicity characteristics. Guide E1302 references pro-cedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal-working fluids as manufactured. Review the material safetydata sheet, required
32、 by 29 CFR 1910.1200, for health andsafety information for the metal removal fluids being consid-ered for the operation.6.4 With due consideration for available engineeringcontrols, select fluids that minimize components that may beirritating or may produce objectionable odors.6.5 As the concentrati
33、on of metal removal fluid in themachining system sump or reservoir increases, the level ofchemicals in the metal removal fluid aerosol increases and thenet exposure is greater. Maintaining proper metal removal fluidconcentration while in use enhances machining performanceand minimizes exposure poten
34、tial.7. Machine Tool Design, Selection, and Maintenance7.1 ANSI B-11 TR 2-1997 provides guidance concerningconsideration for the design of metalworking fluid deliverysystems, of machine tools, of machine enclosures for thecontrol of airborne contaminants, of exhaust ductwork frommachine tool enclosu
35、res, and of mist collectors, and guidelinesfor testing collection systems. Users of this practice should bewell-versed in these considerations and implement them whenpractical where occupational exposures to metal removal fluidsis expected to occur.7.2 Design metal removal fluid delivery systems to
36、mini-mize generation of metal removal fluid aerosols. For transferline machines, as the earliest operation in the line is often theheaviest cut, early operations may contribute most to metalremoval fluid aerosol generation.E1972 04 (2011)27.3 Maintain metalworking fluid delivery systemcomponents, in
37、cluding pumps. Leaking seal packing, leakingmechanical seals, and leaking ports in delivery pumps entrainair in the metal removal fluid, significantly increasing aerosolgeneration.7.4 Cover flumes and other sources of aerosol generation.Vent them to the metal removal fluid reservoir, if feasible, to
38、minimize release of aerosol or to maintain negative pressure.7.5 Select new machining and grinding equipment withenclosures and appropriate ventilation that minimizes genera-tion of metal removal fluid aerosols in the workplace atmo-sphere.7.6 Maintain existing equipment enclosures and guarding tomi
39、nimize release of aerosol. Restore missing equipment andenclosures. If enclosures are not maintained or guarding isremoved, larger particles may escape through openings in theenclosure.7.7 Retrofitting existing equipment should be consideredusing ANSI B-11 TR 2-1997 as a guide. Unless properlydesign
40、ed and constructed, retrofits may not significantly cap-ture metal removal fluid aerosols.7.8 Properly design and maintain exhaust ductwork frommachine tool enclosures. ANSI B11 TR 2-1997 may be used asa guide. Inspect and clean ductwork regularly, and repairductwork not in good working order.7.9 Pr
41、operly design and maintain mist collectors, ANSI B11TR 21997 may be used as a guide. Other technologies may beappropriate. Poorly maintained mist collectors may increasemetal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in workplace atmo-spheres. Check air cleaner filters and clean or replace asappropriate.
42、 Do not allow collected aerosol to drain back intothe fluid system.7.10 Measure exhaust airflow and compare to design speci-fication. Make adjustments or repairs as appropriate.7.11 Evaluate each workplace location in terms of thenumber of machine tools in a given area, the types ofoperations perfor
43、med, existing ventilation patterns, ceilingheight, and ultimate disposition of the collected mist.8. Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol Exposure8.1 Metal removal fluid aerosols consist of a broad range ofparticle sizes. Smaller particles are more easily captured bymachine tool ventilation exhaust, but may
44、pass through an aircleaner. Larger aerosol particles are more likely to be con-trolled by enclosures. Controlling metal removal fluid emis-sions on one machine will not affect background aerosol orother aerosol generated by other work stations; all machinetools need to be considered together.8.2 Tes
45、t Method D7049 covers a procedure for the determi-nation of both total particulate matter and extractable massmetal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in a range from 0.05to 5 mg/m3in workplace atmospheres. Guidance on workplacesampling strategies can be found in Guide E1370.8.3 Minimize extractab
46、le mass concentration. The amountand average particle size of aerosol generated is dependent onthe amount of energy imparted to the fluid. Energy may beimparted to the fluid through high pressure spray application,high speed tools, parts or machines, and any other activity thatcauses the bulk fluid
47、to generate a mist of liquid droplets. Thetransfer of energy from the machine to the fluid can be reducedby several means. Combined means may also be required.8.3.1 In addition to product selection, proper maintenanceof metal removal fluid sump concentration, and the design,selection, and maintenanc
48、e characteristics noted earlier in thissection, excessive generation of metal removal fluid aerosolcan be affected by parameters, such as compressed air blowoffsand higher than optimum fluid flow rates, pressures, and toolfeeds and speeds.8.3.2 Optimize machine tool feeds and speeds consistentwith p
49、art finish, dimension, and productivity requirements.Excessively high speeds and feeds increase the amount ofaerosol generated.8.3.3 Minimize fluid flow rates consistent with desired partfinish and dimension and movement of generated chips orswarf. If feasible, reduce or temporarily interrupt fluid flowwhen the metal removal operation is not occurring. Higher-than-required flow rates increase aerosol generation.8.3.4 Reduce fluid pressure consistent with machine tooldesign and chip removal requirements. Use flooding instead ofspray application, whenever possible.
