1、Designation: D6199 18D6199 18aStandard Practice forQuality of Wood Members of Containers and Pallets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6199; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the quality requiremen
3、ts for three classes of hardwood and soft-wood members, excluding man-madeor fabricated wood composites, used in the construction of boxes, crates, pallets, and blocking and bracing.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are fo
4、rinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitati
5、ons prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technic
6、al Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based ProductsD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution EnvironmentsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD4444 Test Meth
7、od for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture MetersD6253 Practice for Treatment and/or Marking of Wood Packaging Materials2.2 MHIA/ANSI Standard:3MHIA/ANSI MH12005MH12016 Pallets, Slip Sheets, and Other Bases for Unit Loads2.3 IPPC Standard:4ISPM 15 Regulation of Wood Pack
8、aging Material in International Trade3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for packaging and distribution environments are found in Terminology D996. Generaldefinitions for wood are found in Terminology D9.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 brash, ndecay characterist
9、ic, which is the breaking of the grain without splintering.3.2.2 crate frame members, nthose parts which form the fundamental structure upon which the strength and rigidity of cratesdepend.3.2.3 diagonals, nframe members placed at angles of nearly 45 to other frame members, to ensure the rigidity of
10、 the crate.3.2.4 linderman joint, nglued dove-tailed joint between two or more pieces of wood.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.12 on Shipping Containers, Crates,Pallets, Skids and Related Structures.Curr
11、ent edition approved March 1, 2018Oct. 1, 2018. Published April 2018November 2018. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20122018as D6199 07 (2012).D6199 18. DOI: 10.1520/D6199-18.10.1520/D6199-18A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or conta
12、ctASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Material Handling Industry MH1 Secretariat, 8720 Red Oak Blvd., Suite 201, Charlotte, NC 28217, http:/www.mhiastore.org.4
13、 International Plant Protection Convention Secretariat (IPPC), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy, https:/www.ippc.int/en/.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous ver
14、sion. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Internatio
15、nal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.5 longitudinal frame members, nhorizontal members of the side, end, and top panels of crates.3.2.6 punk, ndecay characteristic, which is very dry, powdery, and crumbly wood.3.2.7 siftproofness, nthe prohibit
16、ion of the migration of material, of any size, from the interior to the exterior of a container.3.2.8 struts, nvertical frame members placed between the upper and lower frame members of the side and end panels of a cratethat serve as columns for supporting vertical stacking loads.4. Significance and
17、 Use4.1 Each wood member contains a combination of characteristics which affects the performance of the container or pallet inwhich it is used. The requirements for classes, herein specified, have been established as these characteristics are related to thefunctional application of members in contai
18、ner and pallet construction and to the service that the container or pallet may be calledupon to perform.4.2 Any other specified requirements or limitations peculiar to a particular container or pallet construction or use, such asprohibiting knotholes or loose knots to provide siftproofness, limitat
19、ion to certain wood groups or species, or the selection ofapplicable classes for specific members of or types of containers or pallet shall be the responsibility of the standard for thatcontainer or pallet.5. Wood Member Classification5.1 Class 1Structural (highly stressed members).5.2 Class 2Struct
20、ural (moderately stressed members).5.3 Class 3Non-structural (lightly stressed members).6. Wood Characteristics6.1 Classification:6.1.1 GroupsFor the purposes of this practice, NorthAmerican wood species are broken into four groupings. These groupingsare general in nature (Table 1) and do not includ
21、e all species of wood. Woods used specifically in pallet construction are listed inMHIA/ANSI MH12005 Appendix A31MH12016 Annex B according to similarities in mechanical properties, regionalavailability, and commercial uses in pallets. Table X1.1 provides a cross reference between the wood groups use
22、d herein and thoselisted in MHIA/ANSI MH12005.MH12016.6.1.1.1 Group IThis group embraces the softer woods of both the coniferous and the broad-leafed species. These woods arerelatively free from splitting in nailing, have moderate fastener withdrawal resistance, moderate strength as a beam, and mode
23、rateshock resisting capacity. They are soft, light in weight, easy to work, hold their shape well in manufacture, and are normally easyto dry.6.1.1.2 Group IIThis group consists of heavier coniferous woods, only. These woods usually have a pronounced contrast inthe hardness of the springwood and the
24、 summerwood. They have a greater fastener withdrawal resistance than Group I woods, butare more likely to split, and the hard summerwood bands occasionally deflect the nails causing them to run out at the sides of thepiece.6.1.1.3 Group IIIThis group consists of hardwoods of medium density. These wo
25、ods have about the same fastener withdrawalresistance and strength as a beam as the Group II woods, but are less likely to split and shatter under impacts. The species in thisgroup are the most useful for constructing box ends and cleats. They also furnish most of the rotary-cut veneers for wireboun
26、dboxes and plywood panels for construction of plywood boxes.TABLE 1 Wood GroupsGroup IAspen Basswood Buckeye Cedar ChestnutCottonwood Cypress Fir (true firs) Magnolia PineARedwood Spruce Willow Yellow poplar Red alderGroup IIDouglas fir Hemlock Southern yellow pine TamarackWestern larchGroup IIIAshB
27、 California black oak California mapleSoft Elm Soft maple Sweetgum Sycamore TupeloGroup IVBeech Birch Hackberry Hard maple HickoryOak Pecan Rock elm White ashA Except Southern yellow pine.B Except White ash.D6199 18a26.1.1.4 Group IVThis group consists of the high density hardwood species. They have
28、 both the greatest shock resistingcapacity and fastener withdrawal resistance, but because of their extreme hardness present difficulties with respect to the drivingof nails, plus the greatest tendency to split at the nails. They are the heaviest and hardest domestic woods and are difficult to work.
29、They are especially useful where high fastener withdrawal resistance is required and many of them make excellent rotary cutveneers for wirebound and plywood boxes.6.1.2 SpeciesThe species of wood, in the four groups, that may be used for wood members of containers or pallets areclassified as indicat
30、ed in Table 1 (see Appendix X1, Table X1.1, for groups specific to pallet construction). When it is stipulatedthat members shall be fabricated from a particular wood group, the species within that group may be mixed together or usedinterchangeably.6.2 SurfacesRough lumber is permitted in the constru
31、ction of the crate bases, sheathed-crate framing, boxes, and pallets. Forbox and crate sheathing, at least one surface of all wood members will be sufficiently smooth to permit legible marking.6.3 Dimensional Requirements:6.3.1 When nominal sizes of lumber are specified, the minimum sizes shall be a
32、s shown in Table 2.6.3.2 When sizes of wood members other than the nominals cited in Table 2 are specified, undersizing in thickness and widthshall not be permitted in more than 10 % of the number of pieces. In addition, these parts shall be no thinner than 78 of the statedthickness and no narrower
33、than 14 in. (6 mm) less than the stated width. An exception to this requirement is that if members ofnailed-wood boxes 38 in. (10 mm) or more in thickness are surfaced on both sides (to protect the contents) then the thickness maybe 132 in. (1 mm) less than stated.6.3.3 When nominal 2 in. (50 mm) th
34、ick lumber is resawn to obtain 1 in. (25 mm) nominal thick members, the resultingminimum thickness shall be 1116 in. (18 mm) for dry lumber; except that for Class 1 structural members, which shall be 34 in. (20mm).6.4 Moisture ContentContainer and pallet members shall have a moisture content (as mea
35、sured by an electric type moisturemeter or by the oven drying method), at the time of fabrication, of not greater than 19 % nor less than 9 % of their ovendry weight.6.4.1 Methods of Determination:6.4.1.1 Moisture MetersMeters measuring moisture contents ranging as high as 30 % shall be used to dete
36、rmine moisturecontent of Group IV pallet members. Meters measuring moisture contents as high as 25 % shall be used for all other woodmembers. The accuracy of the meter used shall be 61 % of true moisture content. Electric-type moisture meters may be either theresistance type or radio frequency power
37、 loss type except that only the resistance type may be used on rough sawn lumber. Inaddition, readings using the resistance type meters shall be made only after the pins have penetrated to a depth of one-fourth thethickness of the piece being tested. The type and brand of moisture measuring device s
38、hall be specified. It may be either calibratedin accordance with Test Method D4444, or compared to an instrument that does meet this standard.6.4.1.2 Oven-Drying MethodSamples shall be tested in accordance with Method A or B of Test Method D4442, except thatno sample shall be less than 1 oz (2835 mg
39、).6.5 Wood DefectsMembers shall be so selected and cut so that allowable defects or imperfection will not occur in positionsthat would interfere with the prescribed fabrication or assembly of the container or pallet.6.5.1 DecayAny form of visible decay shall not be permitted. Stains or discoloration
40、, not associated with decay, will beacceptable, except for discoloration that would interfere with marking on the outside of the container or the pallet. Decay shall bedetected by use of the pick test. The pick test is performed with a knife or chisel by lifting up some of the grain or fibers. If th
41、ematerial is softer, more punky, or more brash than healthy wood of the same species, it is decay. Suspicious areas are usuallyabnormally brown, bleached looking, or mottled and indicated by the absence of luster that is present in normal wood.6.5.2 Checks, Splits, and ShakesChecks, splits, and shak
42、es that are not longer than the width of the member will be permitted.Checks that do not extend through the full thickness of the member are permitted.TABLE 2 Relationship of Nominal to Minimum Dimensions forDry LumbersThickness(Smaller Dimension)Width(Larger Dimension)Nominalin. (mm)Minimumin. (mm)
43、Nominalin. (mm)Minimumin. (mm)1 (25) 34 (20) 2 (50) 1 12 (40)2 (50) 1 12 (40) 3 (75) 2 12 (65)3 (75) 2 12 (65) 4 (100) 3 12 (90)4 (100) 3 12 (90) 5 (125) 4 12 (115)5 (125) 12 (12) off 6 (150) 5 12 (140)and thicker 7 (175) 6 12 (165)8 (200) 34 (20) offand widerD6199 18a36.5.3 WarpThe bow in a member
44、shall not exceed 116 in. (2 mm) per foot (300 mm) of length. The cup in a member shallnot exceed 14 in. (6 mm) in an 8 in. (200 mm) width, 18 in. (3 mm) in a 4 in. (100 mm) width, or a like proportion in other widths.The twist in a member shall not exceed 14 in. (6 mm) per foot of length in an 8 in.
45、 (200 mm) width, 18 in. (3 mm) per foot oflength in a 4 in. (100 mm) width, or a like proportion in other widths.6.5.4 KnotsSound knots, loose knots, knot holes, and knot clusters shall be measured and restricted as specified in Table 3.The sum of the width of the knots within a length equal to the
46、width of the member in which they occur shall not exceed themaximum allowable width of a single knot for that piece (see Fig. 1).6.5.5 WaneWane shall not be permitted on any member.6.6 Cross GrainThe slope of the cross grain shall be limited in accordance with Table 3. The slope of the cross grain s
47、hallbe measured by the angle between the general direction of the grain and the longitudinal axis of the member and shall be expressedas a ratio. Slight local deviations of the grain shall be disregarded.6.7 Combined GrainsWhen a member has both diagonal and spiral grain (see Fig. 2), the combined d
48、amaging effect shall betaken into account. This effect can be computed by combining the apparent slope of grain on the two adjacent faces of the member.When each of the slopes are expressed as a ratio to 1, that is, 1 in 18 and 1 in 12, the combined slope is the square root of thesum of the squares
49、of the slopes (combined slope = square root of (118)2 + (112)2 = 0.1000 or 1 in 10). A convenient method ofmeasuring the slope of cross grain is by using a sharply pointed steel scribe (see Fig. 3).The scribe should be drawn in the directionin which the grain seems to run. Apply enough pressure so that the point penetrates the wood slightly. Allow enough freedom oflateral movement to permit the point to follow the grain.6.8 Built-Up Sheathing MembersMembers to be used for the sheathing of sides, ends, tops, or b
