1、Designation: D6235 04 (Reapproved 2010)D6235 18Standard Practice forExpedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone andGroundwater Contamination at Hazardous WasteContaminated Sites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6235; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Applicability of the ECSESC ProcessThis practice
3、covers a process for expedited site characterization (ESC) of hazardouswaste contaminated sites2 to identify vadose zone, groundwater and other relevant contaminant migration pathways and determinethe distribution, concentration, and fate of contaminants for the purpose of providing an ESC client, r
4、egulatory authority, andstakeholders with the necessary information to choose a course of action.3 Generally, the process is applicable to larger-scaleprojects, such as CERCLA (Superfund) remedial investigations and RCRA facility investigations.projects or When used as partof the Superfund response
5、process, this Practice should be used in conjunction with U.S. EPAs guidance document titled UsingDynamic Field Activities for On-Site Decision Making: A Guide for Project Managers (1). The ESC process is also applicable toother contaminated sites where the ESC process can be reasonably expected to
6、reduce the time and cost of site characterizationcompared to alternative approaches. The ESC process has been applied successfully at a variety of sites in different states and EPAregions. (See (see Table X1.1). It typically achieves significant cost and schedule savings compared to traditional site
7、characterization. (Seecharacterization (see X1.2 and X1.3).),4 although it should be recognized that in-depth site characterizationof hazardous waste contaminated sites may require a more elaborate process than ESC.1.2 Features of the ESC ProcessThe ESC process operates within the framework of exist
8、ing regulatory programs. It focuseson collecting only the information required to meet characterization objectives and on ensuring that characterization ceases as soonas the objectives are met. Central to the ESC process is the use of judgement-based sampling and measurement to characterizevadose zo
9、ne and groundwater contamination in a limited number of field mobilizations by an integrated multidisciplinary team,led by a technical leader and operating within the framework of a dynamic work plan that gives him or her the flexibility ofresponsibility to select the type and location of measuremen
10、ts needed to optimize data collection activities. Table 1 identifies otheressential features of the ESC process, and Fig. 1 presents a flow diagram for the entire ESC process.1.3 Investigation MethodsThe process described in this practice is based on good scientific practice but is not tied to anypa
11、rticular regulatory program, site investigation method or technique, chemical analysis method, statistical analysis method, riskanalysis method, or computer modeling code. Appropriate investigation techniques in an ESC project are highly site specific andare selected and modified based upon the prof
12、essional judgement of the core technical team (in particular the technical teamleader). Whenever feasible, noninvasive and minimally invasive methods are used, as discussed in Appendix X3X2. Appropriatechemical analysis methods are equally site specific.Analyses may be conducted in the field or labo
13、ratory, depending on data qualityrequirements, required turnaround time, and costs.1.4 Sites Generally Not Appropriate for the ESC ProcessGenerally, the ESC process is not applicable to: small petroleumrelease sites, real estate property transactions that require no more than a Phase I ESA, sites wh
14、ere contamination is limited to thenear surface or there is no basis for suspecting that contaminant movement through the vadose zone and groundwater is a matter1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on
15、 Surface and SubsurfaceCharacterization.Current edition approved May 1, 2010Dec. 15, 2018. Published September 2010January 2019. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as D6235 04.04(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D6235-04R10. 10.1520/D6235-18.2 The term hazardous waste in the t
16、itle is used descriptively. The term also has specific meanings in the context of different regulatory programs. Expedited sitecharacterization is also appropriate for radiologically contaminated sites and some larger petroleum release sites, such as refineries. Section 4.2 further identifies types
17、ofcontaminated sites where ESC may be appropriate. See Appendix X1 for additional background on the ESC process.3 The text of this practice emphasizes vadose zone and groundwater contamination because these contaminant migration pathways are the most difficult to characterize.An ESC project should a
18、lso address all other relevant contaminant migration pathways, such as air, surface water, submerged sediments, and biota.4 This practice uses the term “traditional” site characterization to refer to the approach that has typically been used for characterizing contaminated sites at CERLA andRCRA sit
19、es during the 1980s and early 1990s.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM rec
20、ommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1of concern,
21、sites where the cost of remedial action is likely to be less than the cost of site characterization, or sites where existingstatutes or regulations prohibit the use of essential features of the ESC process.51.5 Other Potentially Applicable ASTM Standards for Site CharacterizationGuide E1912 addresse
22、s accelerated sitecharacterization (ASC) for petroleum release sites, and Guide E1739 addresses use of the risk-based corrective action (RBCA)process at petroleum release sites. Section X1.5.1 describes the ASC process, and X1.5.2 discusses the relationship between ESCand the RBCA process. Practices
23、 E1527 and E1528 and Guide E1903 address real estate property transactions, and X1.5.3discusses the relationship between the ESC process and investigations for real estate property transactions. Classification D5746addresses environmental conditions of property area types for Department of Defense i
24、nstallations, and Practice D6008 providesguidance on conducting environmental baseline surveys to determine certain elements of the environmental condition of federalreal property.1.6 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in
25、parentheses are for information only.1.7 All references in this standard to the “engineer” must be understood as referring to a qualified professional (such as anengineer, soil scientist or geologist) who has the appropriate experience and, if required by local regulations, certification.1.8 This pr
26、actice offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all c
27、ircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this docu
28、ment means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.5 The ASTM knows of no federal or state statutes or regulations that would prohibit use of the ESC process. Some elements of the ESC process may not be entirelyconsistent with existing federal and state guidance do
29、cuments, and regulatory authorities are encouraged make appropriate exceptions.TABLE 1 Minimum Criteria for a Project Using ASTM Expedited Site Characterization ProcessNOTE 1Other site characterization approaches may include many of the below elements, but all must be present for an investigation us
30、ing theASTMESC process.1. A technical team leader oversees the ESC project and leads the ESC core technical team. See Fig. 2, step 1.a in Fig. 3, 6.2 and 7.1.1.2. Project objectives, data quality requirements, and performance criteria are defined by some process that includes ESC client, regulatory
31、authority, and stake-holders. See Step 1b in Fig. 3 and 6.3.3. The technical team leader and an integrated multidisciplinary core technical team with expertise in geologic, hydrologic, and chemical systems work together,as areas of expertise are needed, in the field and throughout the process. See F
32、ig. 2, Step 2 in Fig. 3, and 7.1.4. Intensive compilation, quality evaluation, and independent analysis and interpretation of prior data are used to develop a preliminary site model. See Step 3a inFig. 3 and 8.1 8.55. Dynamic work plan, approved by ESC client and regulatory authority, provides frame
33、work for use of multiple complementary, site-appropriate geologic and hy-drologic investigation methods, along with rapid site appropriate methods for containment analysis. See Step 4 in Fig. 3, 8.6, 9.2.4, and Appendix X3.5. Dynamic work plan, approved by ESC client and regulatory authority, provid
34、es framework for use of multiple complementary, site-appropriate geologic and hy-drologic investigation methods, along with rapid site appropriate methods for containment analysis. See Step 4 in Fig. 3, 8.6, 9.2.4, and Appendix X2.6. ESC project is based primarily on judgement-based sampling and mea
35、surements to test and improve the concepts and details of the evolving site model. SeeSteps 5 and 6 in Fig. 3, 3.1.16, 6.3.1, and X1.4.4.1.6. ESC project is based primarily on judgement-based sampling and measurements to test and improve the concepts and details of the evolving site model. SeeSteps
36、5 and 6 in Fig. 3, 3.2.16, 6.3.1, and X1.4.4.1.7. Quality control procedures are applied to all aspects of ESC data collection and handling, including field work for geologic and hydrologic characterization. SeeSteps 5 and 6 in Fig. 3, 9.2.6, 10.1.2, and Appendix X4 and Appendix X5.7. Quality contro
37、l procedures are applied to all aspects of ESC data collection and handling, including field work for geologic and hydrologic characterization. SeeSteps 5 and 6 in Fig. 3, 9.2.6, 10.1.2, and Appendix X3 and Appendix X4.8. Field data collection is initially focused on geologic and hydrologic characte
38、rization of vadose zone, groundwater and other relevant contaminant migration path-ways (and on identifying contaminants of concern, if they are not already known), followed by delineating the distribution, concentration, and fate of contaminants,based on knowledge of the relevant contaminant migrat
39、ion pathways. This effort typically requires no more than two field mobilizations. See Steps 5a and 6a in Fig.3 and Sections 10 and 11.9. Field data are integrated, analyzed, and interpreted daily to refine the evolving site model and are used to optimize the type and location of subsequent fielddat
40、a collection until project objectives have been met. See Steps 5b and 6b in Fig. 3 and 10.1.3.10. Final site model provides ESC client, regulatory authority, and stakeholders with the information required to choose a course of action based on risk analysisof regulatory standards-based cleanup criter
41、ia. See Section 12.D6235 182FIG. 1 Overview of the Expedited Site Characterization ProcessD62351831.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, he
42、alth, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of Int
43、ernational Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.D6235 1842. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:6D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD5717 Guide for Design of Ground-Water Monitoring System
44、s in Karst and Fractured-Rock Aquifers (Withdrawn 2005)7D5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone andGroundwater (Withdrawn 2013)7D5745 Guide for Developing and Implementing Short-Term Measures or Early Actions for Site RemediationD
45、5746 Classification of Environmental Condition of Property Area Types for Defense Base Closure and Realignment FacilitiesD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of Data QualityObjectivesD5979 Guide for Conceptualization and Characteriza
46、tion of Groundwater SystemsD6008 Practice for Conducting Environmental Baseline SurveysD6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Management of Waste and Contaminated MediaE1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment ProcessE1528 Practice for Limited Envi
47、ronmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen ProcessE1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated SitesE1739 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release SitesE1903 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment ProcessE
48、1912 Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases (Withdrawn 2013)73. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This StandardStandard:Th
49、e following terms are specific to this practice, unless otherwiseindicated. Because much of the terminology is specific to this practice, this section should be read carefully. Other terms are inaccordance with other ASTM standards as specified.3.2.1 contaminants of concern (COCs)(COCs), nspecific constituents that are identified for evaluation in the sitecharacterization process.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIdentification of COCs from a larger list of suspected contaminants, including possible degradation products, usually takes placeas a separate effort before an ESC project
