1、Designation: D7296 12D7296 18Standard Practice forCollection of Settled Dust Samples Using Dry WipeSampling Methods for Subsequent Determination ofBeryllium and Compounds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7296; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled dust contain
3、ing beryllium and/orand beryllium compounds on surfaces usingthe dry wipe sampling method. method, or both. These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent extractionand determination of beryllium and compounds in the wipes using laboratory analysis techniques such as atomic spec
4、trometry orfluorescence detection.1.2 This practice is limited in its scope to applications where wetted wipe sampling (using Practice D6966) or vacuum sampling(using Practice D7144) is not physically feasible (for example, if the surface to be wiped would be compromised by use of wettedwipes).1.3 T
5、his practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the number and locationof samples) that are used for clearance, hazard evaluation, risk assessment, and other purposes. To provide for valid conclusions,sufficient numbers of samples should be obtained
6、as directed by a sampling plan.Additional guidance is provided in Guide D7659.1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are incl
7、uded in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of re
8、gulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Org
9、anization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for S
10、ubsequent Determination of MetalsD7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals DeterminationD7659 Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for Worker ProtectionD7707 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Beryllium in Su
11、rface Dust3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms not listed here, see Terminology D1356.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 batch, na group of field or quality control (QC) samples that are collected or processed together at the same time usingthe same reagents and equipment.1 This practice is under the juris
12、diction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air Quality.Current edition approved April 1, 2012Nov. 1, 2018. Published May 2012November 2018. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20062012 asD7296 06.D7296
13、12. DOI:10.1520/D7296-12.DOI:10.1520/D7296-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document i
14、s not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as approp
15、riate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.2 sampling location, na specific area within a sampling sit
16、e that is subjected to sample collection. D69663.2.2.1 DiscussionMultiple sampling locations are commonly designated for a single sampling site (see 3.2.3).3.2.3 sampling site, na local geographic area that contains the sampling locations (see 3.2.2). D69663.2.3.1 DiscussionA sampling site is genera
17、lly limited to an area that is easily covered by walking.3.2.2 dry wipe, na suitable non-wetted wiping medium.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThese are to be distinguished from wipes as defined in Practice D6966 and Specification D7707, which are wet wipes.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1
18、field blank, na dry wipe (see 3.2.43.2.2) that is exposed to the same handling as field samples except that no sample iscollected (no surface is actually wiped).3.3.1.1 DiscussionAnalysis results from field blanks provide information on the analyte background level in the dry wipe, combined with the
19、 potentialcontamination experienced by samples collected within the batch (see 3.2.1) resulting from handling.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Wipe samples of settled dust are collected on surfaces from areas of known dimensions with dry wipes satisfying certainrequirements, using a specified pattern of wi
20、ping.4.2 The collected dry wipes are then ready for subsequent sample preparation and analysis for the measurement of berylliumand compounds.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of settled dust samples for the subsequent measurement of beryllium andcompounds. The p
21、ractice is meant for use in the collection of settled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazardevaluation, risk assessment, and other purposes.5.2 This practice is intended solely for the collection of settled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth nonporous surfacesthat may be compr
22、omised by water or other wetting agents and that are therefore not suitable for wet wipe sampling using PracticeD6966 or micro-vacuum sampling using Practice D7144. Use of this practice for any purpose other than the intended purpose isdiscouraged due to the limited collection efficiency and high va
23、riability of dry wipe sampling as compared to wetted wipe ormicro-vacuum sampling.35.3 This practice is less effective for collecting settled dust samples from surfaces with substantial texture such as roughconcrete, brickwork, textured ceilings, and soft fibrous surfaces such as upholstery and carp
24、eting. Micro-vacuum sampling usingPractice D7144 may be more suitable for these surfaces.6. Apparatus6.1 Sampling TemplatesOne or more of the following: 10 cm by 10 cm (minimum dimensions) reusable or disposablealuminum or plastic template(s), or disposable cardboard templates, (full-square, rectang
25、ular, square “U-shaped,” rectangular“U-shaped,” or “L-shaped,” or both); or templates of alternative areas having accurately known dimensions (see Note 1).Templates shall be capable of lying flat on a surface.NOTE 1For most surfaces, it is recommended to collect settled dust from a minimum surface a
26、rea of 100 cm2 to provide sufficient material forsubsequent laboratory analysis. However, larger areas (for example, 30 cm by 30 cm) may be appropriate for surfaces having little or no visible settleddust, while a smaller sampling area (for example, 10 cm by 10 cm) may be appropriate for surfaces wi
27、th high levels of visible settled dust. It isrecommended to have a suite of templates with various sampling dimensions.3 Dufay, S. K., and Archuleta, M.,M., “Comparison of Collection Efficiency of Sampling Methods for Removable Beryllium Surface Contamination,” J. Environ.Monit.Journal of Environmen
28、tal Monitoring, Vol 8, No. 6, 2006, pp. 630633;633. DOI 10.1039/b601526n.D7296 1826.2 Dry Wipes,wipes, for collection of settled dust samples from surfaces. The background metal(s) content of the dry wipesshould be as low as possible. At a maximum, the background level of beryllium shall be no more
29、than one-tenth the targetconcentration to be measured. Variability of background levels of beryllium shall not exceed ten times the standard deviation ofthe mean background level. Dry wipe materials shall be compatible with the anticipated sample preparation and analysis methods.NOTE 2Characteristic
30、s of dry wipe materials, such as hardness, porosity, and thickness, may affect collection efficiency. Quantitative laboratory filterpaper, or wipe media with demonstrated equivalent or superior performance, should be used. Consistent use of a single material is recommended becauseuse of multiple mat
31、erials may produce widely varying results.3 For analysis by ICP-AES or ICP-MS, dry wipes should be either wholly soluble or whollyinsoluble when using the selected sample preparation method.This is because partially dissolved wipes can make subsequent handling of sample solutionsdifficult, or they c
32、an cause analytical errors due to matrix mismatches between sample solutions and calibration solutions, or both. Partially dissolvedwipes may be acceptable as long as the undissolved remnant leaves an intact skeleton (that is, of woven fabric) that does not adversely affect the samplesolution. If th
33、e sample preparation method selected involves quantitative transfer of the sample solution to volumetric glassware prior to analysis, thewipes used for sampling should be completely soluble when using the chosen sample preparation method.6.3 Sample Containers,containers, sealable, rigid-walled, 15-m
34、L minimum volume.NOTE 3Screw-top plastic centrifuge tubes are an example of a suitable rigid-walled sample container.NOTE 4Use of sealable plastic bags for holding and transporting the settled dust wipe samples is not recommended due to the potential loss ofcollected dust within the plastic bags dur
35、ing transportation and laboratory handling. Quantitative removal and processing of the settled dust wipe sampleby the laboratory is significantly improved through the use of sealable rigid-walled containers.6.4 Measuring Tool,tool, tape or ruler, capable of measuring to the nearest 60.1 cm.6.5 Plast
36、ic Gloves,gloves, powderless.6.6 Cleaning Cloths,cloths, for cleaning of templates and other equipment.NOTE 5Wet wipes that comply with Specification D7707 may be used for cleaning templates and other sampling equipment as long as they areallowed to dry thoroughly before use. Other cleaning cloths o
37、r wipes not meeting those requirements may also be suitable for this purpose.6.7 Adhesive Tape,tape, suitable for securing the template(s) to the surface(s) to be sampled, and for demarcating sampling areasif templates are not used.NOTE 6Masking tape, for example, functions well for these purposes.6
38、.8 Disposable Shoe Covers,shoe covers, optional.7. Procedure7.1 Use one of the following two procedures for collecting settled dust samples from each sampling location. For wide, flatlocations, it is recommended to use the template-assisted sampling procedure (see 7.1.1.2(1). (1). For small location
39、s (forexample, window sill, section of a piece of equipment, or portion of a vehicle interior), it will ordinarily be necessary to use theconfined-area sampling procedure (see 7.1.1.2(2). (2).NOTE 7Metal contamination problems during field sampling can be severe and may affect subsequent wipe sample
40、 analysis results. Contaminationcan be minimized through frequent changing of gloves, use of shoe covers (see 6.8), and regular cleaning of sampling equipment with cleaning cloths(see 6.6). Use of disposable shoe covers between different locations, and removal of them prior to leaving the sampling s
41、ite or entering vehicles, can behelpful in minimizing inadvertent transfer of contaminated dust from one location to another.7.1.1 Sampling Procedure:7.1.1.1 Don a pair of clean, powderless, plastic gloves (see 6.5 and Note 7).7.1.1.2 Use one of the following three procedures, (1),(1 (2),), (2), or
42、(3):(3):NOTE 1Only the center of the wiping path is shown, not the entire wiping width. a) Fig. 1a) shows the first “S” wiping pattern over the surface areato be sampled; b) Fig. 1b) demonstrates the second “S” wiping course over the surface; and c) Fig. 1c) shows the final wiping which is targeted
43、towardedges and corners.FIG. 1 Schematic of a Side-to-Side Overlapping “S” Wiping PatternD7296 183(1) Carefully place a clean template on the surface to be sampled in a manner that minimizes disturbance of settled dust at thesampling location. Tape the outside edge of the template to prevent the tem
44、plate from moving during sample collection.(2) Alternatively, mark the defined area to be sampled with adhesive tape (see 6.7) being careful not to disturb the settled dust,and measure the area to be sampled using the measuring tool (see 6.4).(3) When templates or tape cannot be used or are impracti
45、cal, the sampling area may be visually defined based on the size,shape, geometry, and/oror visible landmarks (for example) on the surface being sampled or adjacent areas.Templates or rulers usedin a non-contact manner can aid in collecting the sample or measuring the area sampled.7.1.1.3 Obtain a dr
46、y wipe (see 6.2) and, if there is a possibility for the package containing the wipe to be contaminated withdust, clean the outside of the package with a cleaning cloth (see 6.6).7.1.1.4 Remove the dry wipe from its package, and inspect the dry wipe to ensure that it is dry and not contaminated with
47、dustor other material. Discard the dry wipe if it is found to be damp or contaminated, or both.7.1.1.5 Using an open flat hand with the fingers together, place the dry wipe on the surface to be sampled. Wipe the selectedsurface area, side to side, in an overlapping “S” or “Z” pattern while applying
48、pressure to the fingertips (refer to Figs. 1 and 2).Wipe the surface so that the entire selected surface area is covered. Perform the wiping procedure using the fingers and not thepalm of the hand.7.1.1.6 Repeat 7.1.1.5 using a different type of dry wipe material (after selecting a different samplin
49、g location) if the dry wipeoriginally used significantly changes shape (for example, rolls up by curling) or tears during the wiping process.NOTE 8Some surfaces (for example, rough surfaces) may cause certain wipes to curl up or otherwise significantly change shape during the wipingprocess. A type of wipe that maintains its integrity should be selected for each surface sampled.7.1.1.7 Fold the dry wipe in half with the collected dust side folded inward and repeat the preceding wiping procedure (see7.1.1.5) within the selected sampling area using an up
