1、Designation: E1815 18Standard Test Method forClassification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1815; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determinationof the performance of film systems used for industrial radiog-raphy. This
3、test method establishes minimum requirements thatcorrespond to system classes.1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The perfor-mance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) inten-sifying screens cannot be determined a
4、ccurately by this testmethod.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this
5、standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decisi
6、on on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using IndustrialRadiographic FilmE1316 Termi
7、nology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 5-2 Photography Density MeasurementsPart 2: Geo-metric Conditions for Transmission DensityISO 5-3 Photography and Graphic TechnologyDensityMeasurementsPart 3: Spectral ConditionsISO 7004 PhotographyIndustrial Radiographic Films, De-termina
8、tion of ISO Speed, ISO average gradient and ISOgradients G2 and G4 When Exposed to X and GammaRadiationISO 11699-1 Non-Destructive TestingIndustrial Radio-graphic FilmPart 1: Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial RadiographyISO 11699-2 Non-Destructive TestingIndustrial Radio-graphic FilmPart
9、2: Control of Film Processing byMeans of Reference ValuesISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competenceof Testing and Calibration Laboratories2.3 European CEN Standard:3EN 584-1 Non-Destructive TestingIndustrial Radio-graphic FilmPart 1: Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial Radiograph
10、y3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 characteristic curvecurve showing the relationshipbetween the common logarithm of exposure logK, and theoptical density D.3.2.2 diffuse
11、densityquantitative measure of film blacken-ing (optical density) as determined by a densitometer. It is thesum of all transmitted and scattered light into the half spherebehind the film.3.2.3 film gradient Gthe slope of the characteristic curveat a specified optical density, D, and a measure of the
12、 contrastof the film system.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originallyapproved in 1996.
13、Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1815 - 08(2013)1.DOI: 10.1520/E1815-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
14、e onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was develop
15、ed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.4 film systemthe
16、film and associated film-processingrequirements in accordance with the criteria established by themanufacturers of the film and processing chemicals.3.2.5 film system classclassification taking into account oflimiting values given in Table 1.3.2.6 gradient/noise ratioratio of the gradient G and theg
17、ranularity D. It relates directly to the signal/noise ratio. Allfurther parameters determining the signal, such as the modu-lation transfer function or the energy of the radiation, areconsidered to be constant.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe limiting values given in this stan-dard are related to fixed radiati
18、on energies and specifiedscreens.3.2.7 granularity, Dstochastic fluctuation in a radio-graphic image, superimposed on the image of the object andtypically caused by random, statistical groupings of individualsilver particles in processed film.3.2.8 ISO speed Sreciprocal value of the dose KSmea-sured
19、 in Gray, which results in a specified diffuse opticaltransmission density D D0= 2 on the processed film, whereD0is the fog and base density:S 51KS(1)3.2.9 signal/noise ratioin industrial radiography the ratioof a local film density to the granularity Dat this density level.It is correlated to the g
20、radient/noise ratio.3.2.10 specular densityquantitative measure of filmblackening (optical density) when light passing the optics of amicrodensitometer transmits the film.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classifi-cation of film systems used for industrial rad
21、iography. The filmsystem consists of the film and associated processing system(the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9describes specific parameters used for this test method. Ingeneral, the classification for hard X-rays, as described inSection 9, can be transferred to other radi
22、ation energies andmetallic screen types, as well as screens without films. Theusage of film system parameters outside the energy rangesspecified may result in changes to a film/system performanceclassification.4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast andnoise parameters. The contrast is r
23、epresented by gradient andthe noise by granularity.4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meetsthe minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G atD D0= 2.0 and D D0= 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio atD D0= 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter:granularity Dat D = 2.0.4.2 This
24、test method describes how the parameters shall bemeasured and demonstrates how a classification table can beconstructed.4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic film systemsand developer chemistry will be the users of this test method.The result is a classification table as shown by the exampleg
25、iven in Table 2. Another table also includes speed data foruser information. Users of industrial radiographic film systemsmay also perform the tests and measurements outlined in thisTABLE 1 Limiting Values for Gradient, Gradient/Granularity Ratio, and GranularityASTMSystemClassMinimum Gradient G at
26、MinimumGradient/GranularityRatio, G/D,at D =2.0above DoMaximumGranularity,D,atD =2.0above DoD =2.0above DoD =4.0above DoSpecial 4.5 7.5 300 0.018I 4.1 6.8 150 0.028II 3.8 6.4 120 0.032III 3.5 5.0 100 0.039W-A 3.8 5.7 135 0.027W-B 3.5 5.0 110 0.032W-C 4 and need careful calibration correction in the
27、full range. Smalldeviations of the density values at D 4 have considerable influence to theaccuracy of the G at D D0= 4 value due to the properties of thepolynomial approximation procedure.7.2.3 The mean gradient values shall be determined with amaximum uncertainty of 65 % for the gradient at D = 2
28、abovefog and base (G2) at a confidence level of 95 % and 67 % forthe gradient at D = 4 above fog and base (G4) at a confidencelevel of 95 %.7.2.4 Measurement laboratories, which certify film systems,shall participate in a proficiency test on a periodical basis. Anew film, exposed in accordance with
29、this standard, shall beused in all participating laboratories and for each periodicaltest.7.3 Measurement of Granularity D7.3.1 The granularity is measured by linear or circularscanning of a film of constant diffuse optical density with amicrodensitometer. Both emulsion layers shall be recorded;this
30、 means that the depth of focus of the microdensitometer hasto include both layers.7.3.2 The granularity value shall be determined in terms ofdiffuse density.7.3.3 If the optical density is measured as specular density,it shall be converted into diffuse optical density, using the plotof the curve of
31、diffuse density versus specular density at themean density value of the granularity film specimen. Thediffuse density of each step shall be measured with thecalibrated densitometer.7.3.4 Determine this curve using a film having a steppedseries of densities, which is prepared using the same type offi
32、lm, exposure, and processing techniques as used for thegranularity film specimen. The specimen film shall be scannedusing identical microdensitometer settings. A limited range ofdensities can typically be measured for a given microdensi-tometer gain setting.7.3.5 The stepped series of densities shal
33、l lie within thatrange.7.3.6 The calibration shall be made from the diffuse vsspecular density plot with at least five values between diffusedensity 1.5 and 2.8 (including fog and base). The conversioncan be performed on basis of a linear regression analysis of thelog (diffuse density) vs. log (spec
34、ular density) plot. Thedetermined coefficients shall be used for the conversion of thespecular density into diffuse density values.7.3.7 The conversion shall be performed before the numeri-cal determination of the standard deviation D, which is ameasure of the granularity. Dis calculated by:D51N 2 1
35、(i51NDi2 D!2(3)7.3.8 The diffuse optical density of the measured film shallbe above fog and base. The determined Dvalue shall becorrected on the basis of the diffuse mean density above fogand base of this film. The corrected D-value is calculated by:D2corr5 D=2/D(4)7.3.9 As an alternative, three or
36、more samples of the filmspecimen at different density levels, within the range from 1.80to 2.20, may be measured, and the granularity value at a diffusedensity of 2.00, above base plus fog, shall be taken from alinear regression analysis of the plot of granularity as afunction of the square root of
37、diffuse density above fog andbase.7.3.10 The scanning length on the radiographic film shall beat least 116 mm. The diameter of a circular measuring apertureof the microdensitometer shall be (100 6 5) m. A squareaperture of 88.6 m by 88.6 m has the same area as a circularone of 100 m diameter and is
38、concerning the measuredgranularity equivalent to a circular one with 100 m diameter.7.3.11 The determined D-corr-valueshall be corrected on thebasis of the real (measured) aperture diameter Ad(in m) of acircular aperture. The corrected D-value is calculated by:D2corr2a5 D2corrAd/100! (5)E1815 1847.3
39、.12 If a square aperture of the microdensitometer is used,the corrected D-value is calculated by:D2corr2b5 D2corr=4Aa/10000! (6)where Aais the aperture area in m2.7.3.13 The scan path of the microdensitometer may belinear or circular. If circular, the radius of the path shall not beless than 16 mm.
40、In either case, the total scan length shall notbe less than 116 mm.7.3.14 In order to limit the low frequency noise the data,measured with the microdensitometer, shall be filtered afterconversion to diffuse density with a highpass filter with acut-off spatial frequency of 0.1 line pairs per millimet
41、re (3 dB).This shall be performed by subtraction of the measured scanvalues minus the smoothed measured scan values. The smooth-ing shall be performed by convolution with a rectangularwindow function with a width of 6.0 mm (61 values with 0.1mm distance). The scanning step width shall be 100 m in th
42、atcase. The first and last 30 data points of the scan shall not beused after filtering for the further calculation of D. The filteris based on the following formula:Difilter5 Dimeas2161(j523030Di1jmeas(7)7.3.15 Due to the risks of errors in the measured data duringthe scan, resulting from artifacts
43、in the film such as dust andother sources of distortion, the filtered scan shall be dividedinto n groups of 1.9 mm length (20 values with 0.1 mmdistance) and 0.1 mm distance between groups. Dglshall bedetermined for each group, whereby at least 55 groups shall beused. The calculated Dglvalues are re
44、arranged in dependenceon their size and the central value (this is the 28thvalue in caseof 55 groups) is the MEDIAN of all groups. The median valueDMshall be multiplied with 1.0179 to get the median unbiasedestimation D.NOTE 3k is the number of consecutive observations within a groupand C is the cri
45、tical value of the chi-square distribution for = 0.5 withk 1 degrees of freedom. For the Destimation the median value DMshall be multiplied by sqrt(k 1) C). In case of 20 observations themedian value DMshall be multiplied with 1.0179 for statisticalcorrection.NOTE 4An increased number of data points
46、 and groups yields a better(lower) uncertainty of the result. It is important not to modify the grouplength of 1.9 mm (plus 0.1 mm distance between groups) and thestatistical correction if using 1.0179 as correction value.7.3.16 Subdivision of the scanned data in groups, determi-nation of Dgland med
47、ian procedure have an inherent filtereffect which is equivalent to the described highpass filter ofscanned data. Therefore, the highpass filtering may be omitted,if the MEDIAN procedure is applied. Differences in thedetermined granularity will be less than 61.5 %.7.3.17 At least six measurements sha
48、ll be made on differentsamples to estimate the mean value of granularity. The deter-mined granularity mean value shall not exceed an uncertaintyof 610 % at a confidence level of 95 %.7.3.18 Measurement laboratories, which certify filmsystems, shall participate in a proficiency test on a periodicalba
49、sis. A new film, exposed in accordance with this standard,shall be used in all participating laboratories and for eachperiodical test.7.4 Measurement of ISO Speed SThe ISO Speed S isevaluated for an optical density, D = 2.0, above fog and base,Do. Use Table 3 for determination of the ISO speed.8. Limiting Values for Classification8.1 The film system classes are defined by limiting values,which are determined in accordance with Section 7.8.2 In order to assign a film system class, the de
