1、Designation: E3170/E3170M 18Standard Practice forPhased Array Ultrasonic Testing of PolyethyleneElectrofusion Joints1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3170/E3170M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for phased array ultra-sonic testing (PAUT) of electrofusion joints in pol
3、yethylenepipe systems. Although high density polyethylene (HDPE) andmedium density polyethylene (MDPE) materials are mostcommonly used, the procedures described may apply to othertypes of polyethylene.NOTE 1The notes in this practice are for information only and shallnot be considered part of this p
4、ractice.NOTE 2This standard references HDPE and MDPE for pipe applica-tions defined by Specification D3350.1.2 This practice does not address ultrasonic examination ofbutt fusions. Ultrasonic testing of polyethylene butt fusionjoints is addressed in Practice E3044/E3044M.1.3 Phased array ultrasonic
5、testing (PAUT) of polyethyleneelectrofusion joints uses longitudinal waves introduced by anarray probe mounted on a zero degree wedge. This practice isintended to be used on polyethylene electrofusion couplings foruse on polyethylene pipe ranging in diameters from nominal 4to 28 in. (100 to 710 mm)
6、and for coupling wall thicknessesfrom 0.3 to 2 in. (8 to 50 mm). Greater and lesser thicknessesand diameters may be tested using this standard practice if thetechnique can be demonstrated to provide adequate detectionon mockups of the same geometry.1.4 This practice does not specify acceptance crite
7、ria.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, toensure conformance with the standard, each system shall beused independently of the other, and values from th
8、e twosystems shall not be combined.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of
9、regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Tra
10、de Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice tothe extent specified herein.2.2 ASTM Standards:2D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fit-tings MaterialsE543 Specification for Agencies Perfo
11、rming NondestructiveTestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2700 Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of WeldsUsing Phased ArraysE3044/E3044M Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Polyeth-ylene Butt Fusion JointsF412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping SystemsF1055 Specification
12、for Electrofusion Type PolyethyleneFittings for Outside Diameter Controlled Polyethyleneand Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe and TubingF1290 Practice for Electrofusion Joining Polyolefin Pipe andFittings2.3 ASNT Documents:3ASNT Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification andCertification in Nondes
13、tructive TestingANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition appr
14、oved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. DOI:10.1520/E3170_E3170M-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AS
15、TM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard wa
16、s developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.4 AIA Docu
17、ment:4NAS410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel2.5 ISO Standard:5ISO 9712 Non-Destructive TestingQualification and Cer-tification of NDT Personnel3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRelated terminology is defined in Termi-nology E1316 and Terminology F412.3.2 Definitions of
18、Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cell classification, nfor polyethylene pipe resin, thisis a six digit code and letter describing the primary propertiesthat are considered important in the manufacture of PE piping,in the heat fusion joining of this material, and in defining thelong-term perform
19、ance capabilities and color/UV stability. Theclassification categories are defined in Specification D33503.2.2 cold fusion, na joint or a region within a joint inwhich there is little commingling of the polymer chains due toreasons other than contamination.3.2.3 dimension ratio (DR), nthis is the av
20、erage specifiedoutside pipe diameter divided by the minimum specified wallthickness.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe wall thickness increases when theDR decreases.3.2.3.2 DiscussionStandard Dimension Ratio (SDR) is anANSI term to describe specific DRs in the series, for example,SDR9, SDR11, SDR17, and others.3
21、.2.4 electrofusion joint, na joint made by using anelectrofusion type fitting where a heat source is an integral partof the fitting. The pipe is inserted into the socket of the fittingor the saddle of the fitting is placed over the pipe. When anelectric current is applied, heat is produced that melt
22、s thepolyethylene of both the fitting and pipe resulting in acontinuous joint between the fitting and the pipe. It is recom-mended that the fusion procedures comply with Practice F1290and fittings to Specification F1055.3.2.5 high density polyethylene (HDPE), na tough,flexible, thermoplastic resin m
23、ade by polymerizing ethylene,having a density range of 0.940 g/cm3to 0.955 g/cm3perSpecification D3350.3.2.6 material designations, na shortened code to identifythe pipe materials short-term and long-term properties.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor polyethylene, the “PE-XXXX”material designation represents the
24、 density (first digit), slowcrack growth resistance (second digit), and hydrostatic designstress (HDS, last two digits) where Specification D3350 is thereference.3.2.7 medium density polyethylene (MDPE), na tough,flexible, thermoplastic resin made by polymerizing ethylene,having density range of 0.9
25、25 g/cm3to 0.940 g/cm3perSpecification D3350.3.2.8 particulate contamination, nfine particles, such asairborne dust, or coarse particles, such as sand and grit, that arepresent at the fusion interface.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice provides a general description of theprocedures to carry ou
26、t phased array ultrasonic examination ofpolyethylene electrofusion joints in pipeline systems.4.2 This practice uses sound waves to examine electrofusionjoints made from polyethylene in order to identify and sizeinternal fusion joint flaws with the intent to non-destructivelyassess overall joint qua
27、lity.4.3 The procedure described in this practice has principlescommon to those found in Practice E2700, where phased arraycontact testing is described.4.4 Examination results using this practice may be used incombination with acceptance criteria based on workmanship orfitness for purpose.5. Signifi
28、cance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for the semi-automated orautomated ultrasonic examination of electrofusion joints usedin the construction and maintenance of polyethylene pipingsystems.5.2 Polyethylene piping has been used instead of steel alloysin the petrochemical, power, water, gas dist
29、ribution, andmining industries due to its reliability and resistance tocorrosion and erosion.5.3 The joining process can be subject to a variety of flawsincluding, but not limited to: lack of fusion, cold fusion,particulate contamination, inclusions, short stab depth, andvoids.5.4 Polyethylene mater
30、ial can have a range of acousticcharacteristics that make electrofusion joint examination diffi-cult. Polyethylene materials are highly attenuative, which oftenlimits the use of higher ultrasonic frequencies. It also exhibitsa natural high frequency filtering effect. An example of therange of acoust
31、ic characteristics is provided in Table 1.6The table notes the wide range of acoustic velocities reportedin the literature. This makes it essential that the referenceblocks are made from pipe grade polyethylene with the samedensity cell class as the electrofusion fitting examined.4Available from Aer
32、ospace Industries Association (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd.,Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.o
33、rg.6The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.TABLE 1 Polyethylene Velocity and AttenuationACompression ModeVelocity (m/s) (in./s)Attenuation at 2 MHz(dB/mm) (dB/in.)Attenuation at 5 MHz(dB/mm) (dB/in.)2100 to 2670 0.6 to 1.5 1.1 to 2.3(0.082 to 0.1
34、05) (15.2 to 38) (27.9 to 58)AA range of velocity and attenuation values have been noted in the literature (1-9).E3170/E3170M 1825.5 Polyethylene is reported to have a shear velocity of987 m s. However, due to extremely high attenuation in shearmode (on the order of 5 dB mm (127 dB in.) at 2 MHz) no
35、practical examinations can be carried out using shear mode (6).5.6 Due to the wide range of applications, joint acceptancecriteria for polyethylene pipe are usually project-specific.5.7 A cross-sectional view of a typical joint between poly-ethylene pipe and an electrofusion coupling is illustrated
36、inFig. 1.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this standard.6.2 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contractualagreement, personnel performing examinations to this standardshall be qualified in accordance
37、 with a nationally or interna-tionally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice orstandard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS410,ISO 9712, or a similar document and certified by the employeror certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standardused and its applicable revision sha
38、ll be identified in thecontractual agreement between the using parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated as described in Specification E543. The appli-cable edition of Specification E543 shall be specifi
39、ed in thecontractual agreement.6.4 Procedures and TechniquesThe procedures and tech-niques to be used shall be as specified in the contractualagreement. If required, performance demonstrations shall becarried out on electrofusion joints containing all of the flawtypes (for example, lack of fusion, p
40、articulate contamination,short stab depth, cold fusion, etc.) that are required to bedetected in the contractual agreement.6.5 Surface PreparationThe pre-examination surfacepreparation shall be in accordance with 7.4 unless otherwisespecified.6.6 Timing of ExaminationThe timing of the examinationsha
41、ll be in accordance with 7.5 unless otherwise specified.6.7 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination inthe axial direction shall include, as a minimum, the nominallength of each fusion zone and in the circumferential directionshould include the full circumference. Areas not tested due toobstru
42、ctions, such as connectors and melt indicators, shall bereported.6.8 Reporting CriteriaReporting criteria for the examina-tion results shall be in accordance with Section 8 unlessotherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria are not specifiedin this standard, they shall be specified in the contract
43、ualagreement.6.9 Re-examination of Repaired/Reworked ItemsRe-examination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in thisstandard and if required shall be specified in the contractualagreement.7. Apparatus and Procedures7.1 Electronic Instruments and Probes:7.1.1 The type of instrument(s) used fo
44、r the examinationsspecified in Section 7 shall conform to the applicable require-ments of Practice E2700.7.1.2 Probes used shall produce pulses with a nominalcenter frequency in the range of 1 MHz to 10 MHz.7.1.3 Wedges of the hard plastic variety shall be contouredto match the surface of the fittin
45、g when the gap between thewedge and fitting exceeds 0.5 mm (0.02 in.).7.2 Standardization Blocks and Other Equipment:7.2.1 Mechanics:7.2.1.1 Mechanical holders shall be used to ensure that theaxial and radial position of the probe is maintained at a fixeddistance from the fusion zone.7.2.1.2 Probe m
46、otion may be achieved using motorized ormanual means, but in all cases, the mechanical holder for theprobes shall be equipped with a positional encoder that issynchronized with the sampling of A-scans. Data acquisitionshall not exceed 1 mm (0.04 in.) per A-scan sample for pipediameters up to 500 mm
47、(20 in.) and shall not exceed 2 mm(0.08 in.) per A-scan sample for pipe diameters greater than500 mm (20 in.).FIG. 1 Typical Cross-Sectional View of an Electrofusion Coupling JointE3170/E3170M 1837.2.2 Reference Blocks for StandardizationUltrasonicreference blocks are used to standardize the ultraso
48、nic equip-ment. Examples of reference block designs are provided inAnnex A1. The ultrasonic characteristics of the referenceblocks, such as attenuation, noise level, and sound velocity,should be similar to the material to be examined per A1.2.Standardization verifies that the instrument and search u
49、nit areperforming as required and sets a sensitivity level. Thetemperature of the reference blocks shall be within 610 C(620 F) of the surface of the electrofusion fitting at the timeof examination.NOTE 3Environmental conditions at the time of examination mayresult in some areas of the pipe surface being significantly warmer thanothers (for example, exposed to sun versus in shade) if unshaded. Thismay require provision of shade, time for temperature equilibration, andstandardization at different temperatures.7.2.3 Reference Reflectors:7.2.3.1 The m
