1、Designation: F2913 17F2913 19Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Coefficient of Friction for Evaluation of SlipPerformance of Footwear and Test Surfaces/Flooring Usinga Whole Shoe Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2913; the number immediately following the designation ind
2、icates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2 determines the dynamic
3、coefficient of friction between footwear and floorings under reproduciblelaboratory conditions for evaluating relative slip performance. The method is applicable to all types of footwear, outsole units, heeltop lifts and sheet soling materials, also to most types of floorings, including matting and
4、stair nosing, and surface contaminantson the flooring surface, including but not limited to liquid water, ice, oil and grease. The method may also be applied to surfacessuch as block pavers, turf and gravel.1.2 Special purpose footwear or fittings containing spikes, metal studs or similar may be tes
5、ted on appropriate surfaces but themethod does not fully take account of the risk of tripping due to footwear/ground interlock.1.3 The values stated in the ASTM test method in metrics are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are forinformation.1.4 This standard does not purport
6、to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was
7、developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Do
8、cuments2.1 ASTM Standards:3E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodF1646 Terminology Relating to Walkway Safety and FootwearF2508 Practice for Validation, Calibration, a
9、nd Certification of Walkway Tribometers Using Reference Surfaces2.2 Other References:BS EN ISO 4287 Geometrical product specification (GPS). Surface texture: Profile method. Terms, definitions and surfacetexture parameters4EN 10088-2 Stainless steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet
10、/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels forgeneral purposes5F2913-11 Slip test training video6ISO 132871 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F13 on Pedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F13.30on Footwear.Current edition
11、 approved Sept. 1, 2017Jan. 1, 2019. Published November 2017January 2019. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 20112017as F2913 11.F2913 17. DOI: 10.1520/F2913-17.10.1520/F2913-19.2 This standard is derived from SATRA TM144, Friction Slip Resistance of Footwear and Flooring
12、s, copyright SATRA Technology Centre Ltd., KetteringNorthamptonshire, NN16 8SD, United Kingdom.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document
13、 Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from British Standards Institution (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd., London W4 4AL, U.K., http:/.5 Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.6 Available at ASTM F13 web page htt
14、p:/www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/F13.htm, under Additional Links.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all change
15、s accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Unit
16、ed States13. Terminology3.1 For general definitions of terms, refer to the Terminology F1646.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 footbed (removable), nalso known as insock, a component typically made of a foam material with a leather or fabriccover/sockliner and often shaped or contoured covering the entire insol
17、e board which can be inserted between the foot and insoleboard.3.2.2 slider, nflat rectangular specimen used in calibrating test surfaces (see 10.5.1) or a circular test specimen prepared fromfootwear sheet materials (see Note 2), or both.3.2.3 slider 96, na pre-described rectangular test specimen i
18、ntended for use in calibrating test surfaces (see 10.5.1).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The footwear item and underfoot surface are brought into contact, subjected to a specified vertical force for a short periodof static contact then moved horizontally relative to one another at a constant speed. Th
19、e horizontal frictional force is measuredat a given time after movement starts and the dynamic coefficient of friction is calculated for the particular conditions of the test.5. Significance and Use5.1 This non-proprietary laboratory test method allows for the reproducible testing of whole footwear
20、and footwear-relatedsoling materials for evaluating relative slip performance. Other ASTM test methods generally employ a standardized test footprimarily for evaluation of flooring materials.6. Apparatus6.1 Slip tester capable of performing the required test.6.2 A means of conditioning the test spec
21、imens and the standard reference materials against which the specimens are to betested, prior to the test at 23 6 2C and 50 6 5% RH and of carrying out the test at 23 6 2C.6.3 A means of securely mounting the footwear, outsole, top lift, or slider.6.4 Aflat rigid horizontal surface mount of minimum
22、width 150 mm and minimum length 450 mm, to which the test underfootsurface, hereafter termed the test surface, shall be securely mounted.NOTE 1Adevice may be used to entrap lubricant within the footwear/surface contact area to ensure that the required depth of lubricant is maintained.6.5 A means of
23、holding the footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider clear of the test surface between test measurements withoutcontact with any other surfaces.6.6 A means of adjusting the angle between the footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider and the test surface so that the requiredcontact angle can be achiev
24、ed, and a means of adjusting the contact point horizontally with respect to the line of action of thevertical force when required.6.7 A rigid wedge of minimum dimensions 80 mm wide by 120 mm long shall be used to set the contact angle of 7.0 6 0.5between footwear, sole unit or slider and test surfac
25、e when required. See Fig. 1.6.8 A mechanism for lowering the footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider onto the test surface and applying a steadily increasingdownward force, including the weight of the test specimen and its mounting, at a rate that enables the required full forceeither400 6 20 N or
26、500 6 25 N (see Table 1) to be achieved within 0.2 s of reaching 50 N.6.9 A means of sliding the test surface relative to the footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider at a speed of 0.3 6 0.03 m/scommencing within 0.2 s after a vertical load of 50 N is achieved. Sliding shall not start until full ver
27、tical force is achieved, seeFig. 2. The footwear test specimen may be constrained while the test floor is moved relative to it, or vice versa.FIG. 1 Example of Footwear Mounted Using 7 Wedge to Set Proper Contact AngleF2913 1926.10 A means of measuring time with a resolution of 0.01 s (graph should
28、have tick marks every 0.01 s) or better.6.11 A means of measuring:6.11.1 The continuous vertical force exerted on the test specimen, with an accuracy of 2 % or better.6.11.2 The continuous horizontal frictional force, with an accuracy of 2 % or better, exerted on the test specimen measured inthe pla
29、ne of the surface of the test surface.6.11.3 The displacement of the moving item, test surface or footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider, to the nearest 1 mm.6.12 The apparatus comprising elements 6.2 6.10 shall be sufficiently rugged to prevent vibration.7. Hazards7.1 Care should be used when wor
30、king with mechanical equipment. Attention to be given to preventing a pinch hazard whilein operation.8. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 For footwear items (footwear, sole units, top lifts, or sliders), see 10.9. It is suggested that circular sliders used to representtop lifts for everyday footwear sh
31、ould 76 6 1 mm diameter and minimum thickness of 5 mm. A smaller diameter may beappropriate to represent the top lift of womens fashion footwear. The shape and size of slider used shall be documented withinthe test report (see 14.1.2.1).NOTE 2Sliders are generally samples of soling material cut to s
32、ize from a larger sample.8.2 For test surfaces, see 10.3; for contaminants/lubricants, see 10.4.NOTE 3Either the footwear item or the test surface may be the subject of the test. Appropriate flooring items and footwear items respectively areselected as the reference materials against which the test
33、item is to be tested.9. Preparation of Apparatus, Test Specimens and Test Surfaces9.1 Prepare and condition standard reference materials (test surfaces and/or test sliders) according to 10.6 and Section 11.9.2 Prepare and condition footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider according to 10.9.9.3 Fit a
34、nd secure the prepared test surface onto the rigid surface mount. If more than one test surface specimen is required toachieve a test track of at least 40 mm, position the joint(s) outside the area traversed during the test run.9.4 Securely fit the prepared footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider t
35、o an appropriate mounting.9.5 Lower the footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider into contact with the test surface under its own weight.Adjust the alignmentand angle of the footwear, sole unit or slider to conform to one of the test modes defined in 12.6.1.9.6 Fully tighten all mounting adjustments
36、 and lift the footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider away from the test surface.9.7 Apply contaminant if required (see 10.5).9.8 Activate the data recording system.9.9 Bring the footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider into contact with the test surface and apply the required vertical force asspec
37、ified in Table 1.10. Calibration and StandardizationTest Surfaces (Floorings) and Lubricants10.1 General Information:10.1.1 Any type of test surface and lubricant may be used provided it can be mounted without interfering with the action of thetest.TABLE 1 Vertical Load to be Applied in Slip Test Ru
38、nFootwear ItemFull Loadto beApplied(N)Footwear and finished soles of size US size 7.5 mens and 8.5womens, (Paris Points 40) (UK size 6.5) and above500 25Footwear and finished soles of sizes below US size 7.5 mensand 8,5 womens (Paris Points 40) (UK size 6.5)400 20Top-pieces and sole materials intend
39、ed for mens footwear 500 25Top-pieces and sole materials intended for womens, childrensand infants footwear400 20F2913 19310.1.2 Test surfaces shall be of uniform mean thickness, allowing for any surface pattern, and have minimum dimensions of 220by 120 mm.10.1.3 When evaluating an extruded or rolle
40、d product, where possible, cut the surface material either:10.1.3.1 Parallel to the process direction,Key:A 50 N reachedB Full force achieved and relative movement started within 0.2 s after AC Snapshot value of horizontal force taken at (0.1 6 0.01) s after the start of sliding movementD Snapshot v
41、alue of vertical force taken at (0.1 6 0.01) s after the start of sliding movementFIG. 2 Test Chart Showing Sequence of Events in a Typical Test RunFIG. 3 Example of Test ApparatusTABLE 2 Coefficient of Friction Range for CalibratedQuarry TilesDry COF Wet COFMinimum 0.57 0.43Maximum 0.63 0.49F2913 1
42、9410.1.3.2 Perpendicular to the process direction, or10.1.3.3 At 45 to the process direction.NOTE 4Where the process direction is not known, the directions should be referenced in relation to some other distinguishing feature on the flooring.10.1.4 When evaluating worn surfaces it may be appropriate
43、 to evaluate these items in directions aligned with any patterns ofwear in addition to the normal modes of testing.10.1.5 When preparing the surfaces to be used as reference materials for testing footwear or footwear materials, the surfacesshall be calibrated in the direction in which they are to be
44、 evaluated.10.1.5.1 Determination of standard COF test values against a Slider 96 slider in 10.5, or10.1.5.2 Specification of surface roughness in 10.8.2.10.1.6 Other floors used for comparing performance of footwear or footwear materials should be characterized by testingagainst Slider 96 rubber to
45、 establish the nominal performance level of the flooring for future reference.10.1.7 Transient surfaces such as natural grass and ice should be characterized by other means as appropriate, describing in fulldetail in the report how the surface was made, prepared, and characterized. In general such s
46、urfaces will be damaged or changedby the action of the test so it may not be practicable to quantify their friction against a standard slider nor to perform multiplemeasurements on the same sample.10.1.8 All test surfaces should be stored carefully: do not stack specimens on top of each other. When
47、handling test surfacesamples, hold them by the edges and also do not touch the test surface of the tiles.10.1.9 Cleaning procedures for test materials are given in 10.10.10.2 Additional Apparatus:10.2.1 For retaining friable, weak or loose surfaces such as natural grass or gravel, a walled tray that
48、 will locate on the horizontalsurface of the friction test apparatus and is sufficiently large that no part of the footwear or footwear materials being tested willcome into contact with the tray during the test. A flat rigid plate 5 mm less in length and in width than the tray that is used forconsol
49、idating friable, weak or loose surfaces such as natural grass or gravel.10.2.1.1 A means of applying a vertical load to the center of the plate shall be laid on the surface, which should be evenlydistributed in the tray, and a vertical load applied through the center of the plate. The area of the plate and the total load appliedshould be recorded.10.3 Test Surface:10.3.1 Flat unglazed clay quarry tile7,8that is wider than the test specimen and long enough to allow a sliding distance of atleast 75 mm without cr
