1、Designation: F3313 18Standard Test Method forDetermining Impact Attenuation of Playground SurfacesWithin the Use Zone of Playground Equipment as Tested inthe Field1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3313; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSurveys by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (C
3、PSC)2and others haveshown that falls from playground equipment onto the underlying surface are a significant cause ofinjuries to children. While entanglement is the leading cause of deaths in playground, severe headinjuries are the most frequently implicated cause of death in playground equipment-re
4、lated falls. Fallsare 79% of playground injuries. Use of appropriate impact-attenuating surfacing materials in the usezone of playground equipment can reduce the severity of fall-related injuries. In particular, there isevidence from automotive industry research testing that lowering impact values r
5、educes head injuryseverity. Lower impact values also reduced the severity of all injuries when appropriate surfacingmaterials are installed based on reasonable foreseeable use of the play structures associated with thesurface.This test method provides a means of determining impact attenuation perfor
6、mance of a playgroundusing a test method that simulates the impact of a childs head with the playground surfaces. The testmethod quantifies impact in terms of g-max and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores. G-max is themeasure of the maximum acceleration (shock) produced by an impact. The Head Injury
7、Criterion orHIC score is an empirical measure of impact severity based on published research describing therelationship between the magnitude and duration of impact accelerations and the risk of head trauma.The purpose of this test method is to reduce the frequency and severity of fall-related head
8、injuriesto children by establishing a uniform and reliable means of comparing and specifying the impactattenuation of playground surfaces. Although the focus is on head injury, lower values for impactattenuation should lower the severity of other impact related injuries. Its use will give designers,
9、manufacturers, installers, specifiers, prospective purchasers, owners, and operators of playgrounds ameans of objectively assessing the performance of surfacing materials under and around playgroundequipment and hence of evaluating the associated injury risk.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a m
10、eans of determiningimpact attenuation performance of a playground using a testmethod that simulates the impact of a childs head with theplayground surfaces.1.2 This test method is specific to surfacing materials usedin conjunction with playground equipment, such as that de-scribed in Specifications
11、F1148, F1487, F1918, CSA Z614(Canada), and SS457 (Singapore).1.3 This test method establishes procedures for determiningthe impact attenuation value of playground surfaces as tested inthe field and for comparison with the test performed underlaboratory conditions in Specification F1292 and contract
12、andwarranty requirements. This test method does not establish thecritical fall height for an installed playground surface.1.4 The field test required by this test method addresses theperformance of playground surfaces as they are found in thefield during a time when play by children 2-12 is anticipa
13、ted.1.5 The impact attenuation test method and test methodsestablished in this test method are specific to the risk of headinjury. There is evidence that lowering impact attenuation1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities
14、and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.63 on Playground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. DOI:10.1520/F3313-18.2U.S. CPSC Special Study. Injuries and Deaths Associated with ChildrensPlayground Equipment, April 2001. US Consumer Product Saf
15、ety Commission,Washington DC.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principle
16、s for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1values can reduce the risk of other kinds of serious injury (forexample, long bone fractures).1.6 This test method relates only to the impac
17、t attenuationproperties of playground surfacing materials and does notaddress other factors that contribute to fall-related injuries.While it is believed that conformance with the requirements ofthis test method will reduce the risk of severe injury and deathfrom falls, adherence to this test method
18、 will not prevent allinjuries and deaths.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to addres
19、s all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was develop
20、ed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Docume
21、nts2.1 ASTM Standards:3E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF355 Test Method for ImpactAttenuation of Playing SurfaceSystems, Other Protective Sport Systems, and MaterialsUsed for Athletics, Recreation and PlayF1148 Consumer Safety Performan
22、ce Specification forHome Playground EquipmentF1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Play-ground Equipment for Public UseF1918 Safety Performance Specification for Soft ContainedPl
23、ay Equipment2.2 Federal Documents:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Publication325 Handbook for Public Playground SafetyU.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Special Study:Injuries and Deaths Associated with Childrens Play-ground Equipment. April 2002U.S. Department of Justice 2010 Standard
24、 for AccessibleDesign2.3 Other Documents:CSA Z614 Childrens Playspaces and EquipmentISO TC83 Technical Report on and Thresholds to the Usedin StandardsSS457 Specification for Playground Equipment for PublicUse3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Related to Playgrounds:3.1.1 critical fall height (C
25、FH), na measure of the impactattenuation performance of a playground surface or surfacingmaterials; defined as the highest theoretical drop height fromwhich a surface meets the impact attenuation performancecriterion specified by this test method. The critical fall heightapproximates the maximum fal
26、l height from which a life-threatening head injury would not be expected to occur.3.1.2 designated play surface, nany elevated surface forstanding, walking, sitting, or climbing, or a flat surface largerthan 2.0 in. (51 mm) wide by 2.0 in. (51 mm) long having lessthan 30 angle from horizontal.3.1.3
27、fall height, nthe vertical distance between a desig-nated play surface and the playground surface beneath it.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFall heights for specific types of playstructure are defined in Specifications F1148, F1487, F1918,CSA Z614, and SS457.3.1.4 playground equipment, nany fixed physical struc-
28、ture installed in a designated play area that is accessible tochildren for activities such as climbing, swinging, sliding,rocking, spinning, crawling, creeping, or combinations thereof.3.1.5 playground surface, na manufactured or naturalmaterial used to cover the ground below playgroundequipment, in
29、cluding foundations, substrates, and any compli-ant surfacing materials intended to attenuate impact.3.1.6 play structure, na free-standing structure with one ormore components and their supporting members.3.1.7 public use playground equipment, na play structureanchored to the ground or not intended
30、 to be moved, for use inplay areas of schools, parks, child-care facilities, institutions,multiple-family dwellings, private resorts and recreationdevelopments, restaurants, and other areas of public use.3.1.8 specifier, nperson or entity responsible for specify-ing the performance requirements of a
31、 playground surface.(For example an architect, or the prospective purchaser, owner,or operator of a playground.)3.1.9 surfacing materials, nmaterials used to cover thesurface of the playground use zone.3.1.9.1 loose-fill surface, na compliant top layer of small,independently, movable components; for
32、 example, wood fiber,bark mulch, wood chips, shredded foam, shredded rubber,sand, gravel, and so forth.3.1.9.2 aggregate surface, na loose fill surface in whichthe compliant top layer is made of particulate materials (forexample, sand, gravel, crushed marble, slag, cinders, calcinedmaterials).3.1.9.
33、3 unitary surface, na compliant top layer of one ormore material components bound together to form a continu-ous surface; for example, urethane and rubber composites,molded foam, molded rubber mats.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
34、at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.F3313 1823.1.10 use zone, nthe area beneath and immediately adja-cent to a play structure or playground equipment that isdesignated for unrestricted circulation ar
35、ound the equipmentand on whose surface it is predicted that a user would landwhen falling from or exiting the equipment.3.2 Definitions of Terms Related to Impact Testing:3.2.1 acceleration, nthe rate of change of velocity withtime, expressed in units of ft s-2(m s-2).3.2.2 drop height, nheight from
36、 which the missile isdropped during an impact test, measured as the verticaldistance between the lowest point of the elevated missile andsurface under test.3.2.3 g, ncommon notation for accelerations expressed inunits of standard gravity, where 1 g = 1 standard gravity.3.2.4 g-max, nthe maximum acce
37、leration of a missileduring an impact, expressed in g units.3.2.5 head injury criterion (HIC), na specific integral ofthe acceleration-time history of an impact, used to determinerelative risk of head injury.3.2.6 HIC interval, nthe time interval within theacceleration-time history of an impact over
38、 which the HICintegral is evaluated.3.2.7 impact, ncontact caused by a moving object (forexample, an impact test missile) striking another object (forexample, a surface) and during which one or both bodies aresubject to high accelerations.3.2.8 impact attenuation, nproperty of a playground sur-face
39、that, through localized deformation or displacement,absorbs the energy of an impact in a way that reduces themagnitudes of peak impact force and peak acceleration.3.2.9 impact test, na procedure in which the impactattenuation of a playground surface or surfacing materials isdetermined by measuring t
40、he acceleration of a missile droppedonto the surface.3.2.9.1 free-fall impact test, nan impact test in which thetrajectory of the missile is not restrained by rails, wires, ormechanisms or structures of any type.3.2.9.2 guided impact test, nan impact test in which thetrajectory of the missile is res
41、trained by rails, wires, or othermechanism or structure.3.2.9.3 impact test results, none or more measured orcalculated values from one or more impact tests used to definethe impact attenuation of a playground surface or surfacingmaterials.3.2.10 impact test site, npoint on the surface of aninstalle
42、d playground surface that is selected as the target of animpact test.3.2.11 impact velocity, nthe velocity (V0) of a falling body(for example, a missile) at the instant of impact.3.2.12 missile, na rigid object of specified mass having ahemispherical surface of specified radius; used to impart animp
43、act to a surface.3.2.13 qualified personnel, nthose with currentknowledge, training, skill, education and experience who havesuccessfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolveproblems relating to the subject matter and work through theapplication of professional judgement.3.2.14 reference pad
44、, nan elastomeric pad with consistentand known impact attenuation properties that is used to verifyproper functioning of the impact test equipment.3.2.15 standard gravity, nthe nominal value of the accel-eration due to gravity at sea level having an internationalstandard value of exactly 9.806 65 m
45、s-2(approximately 32.174ft s-2).3.2.15.1 DiscussionAccelerations may be expressed inunits of standard gravity.3.2.16 surface test point, npoint on the playground sur-face selected as the target of an impact test.3.2.17 theoretical drop height, nthe drop height (h) that,under standard conditions, wou
46、ld result in an impact velocityequal to a missiles measured impact velocity (V0).3.2.17.1 DiscussionThe standard conditions assume thatfriction and air resistance do not affect the acceleration of themissile and that the acceleration due to gravity is equal to thestandard value of g at sea level. In
47、 a free-fall impact test, theactual drop height will approximate the theoretical drop height.In a guided impact test, the theoretical drop height will be lessthan the actual drop height, due to the effects of friction in theguidance mechanism.4. Performance Requirements4.1 Surface Performance Parame
48、tersThe average g-maxand average Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores calculatedfrom the last two of a series of three impact tests shall be usedas measures of playground surface performance.4.2 Performance MeasureThe linear acceleration in g foreach drop is recorded and reported as is the HIC calcula
49、ted,recorded and reported. The value for each test location is theaverage of the last 2 of three drops.4.3 Performance of Installed Playground Surfaces:4.3.1 When an installed playground surface is tested inaccordance with the requirements of Sections 1014, thesurface performance parameters at every tested location in theuse zone shall meet the performance criteria of SpecificationF1292. The drop height shall be the greater of (1) the heightspecified by the owner/operator prior to purchase, or (2) theequipment fall height, as defined in
