1、Published by theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.493IEEE Recommended Practice for theDesign of ReliableIndustrial andCommercial PowerSystemsIEEE Std 493-2007(Revision of IEEE Std 493-1997)IEEE Std 493-2007(Revision ofIEEE Std 493-1997)IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of
2、 Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power SystemsSponsor Power Systems Reliability Subcommitteeof thePower Systems Engineering Committeeof theIEEE Industry Applications SocietyApproved 7 February 2007IEEE-SA Standards BoardThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New
3、 York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2007 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 25 June 2007. Printed in the United States of America.IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions ofany individ
4、ual standard for educationalclassroom use can also be obtained through the CopyrightClearance Center.Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. vIntroductionThe objective of this recommended practice is to present the fundamentals of reliabilityanalysis applied to the planning and design of industria
5、l and commercial electric powerdistribution systems. The intended audience for this material is primarily consultingengineers and plant engineers, and technicians. The design of reliable industrial andcommercial power distribution systems is important because of the high cost associatedwith power ou
6、tages. It is necessary to consider the cost of power outages when makingdesign decisions for new and existing power distribution systems as well as to have theability to make quantitative “cost-versus-reliability” trade-off studies. The lack of credibledata concerning equipment reliability and the c
7、ost of power outages has hinderedengineers in making such studies. This revision of IEEE Std 493overcomes theseobstacles by providing extensive mechanical and electrical equipment reliability data;complete U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Power Reliability Enhancement Program (PREP)database, recent cost
8、of power outage data, data collection procedures for maintenanceand equipment failures, 7 24 continuous power analysis, and voltage sag analysis arepresented. Detailed examples of reliability analysis of various industrial distributionsystem operating configurations are presented. The authors of thi
9、s book have attempted toprovide sufficient information so that reliability analyses can be performed on industrialand commercial power systems without requiring cross-references to other texts.Notice to usersErrataErrata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL:
10、 http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to checkthis URL for errata periodically.InterpretationsCurrent interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/index.html.PatentsAttention is called to the possi
11、bility that implementation of this recommended practicemay require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of thisrecommended practice, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of anypatent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible
12、 for identifyingpatents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEEThis introduction is not part of IEEE Std 493-2007, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Designof Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems.vi Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved.recommend
13、ed practice or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of thosepatents that are brought to its attention.ParticipantsThe following members of the Gold Book Working Group of the Power SystemsReliability Subcommittee contributed to these chapters:D. O. Koval, ChairRobert G. Arno, Vic
14、e ChairChapter 1: IntroductionD. O. Koval,ChairChapter 2: Basic concepts of reliabilityBrian Roczen, ChairChapter 3: Planning and designD. O. Koval, ChairChapter 4: Evaluating and improving the reliability of an existing electrical systemTim Coyle,ChairChapter 5: Preventative maintenanceRobert G. Ar
15、no,ChairChapter 6: Emergency and standby powerPat ODonnell, ChairChapter 7: Voltage sag analysisWilliam E. Brumsickle, ChairChapter 8: 7 24 continuous power facilitiesRobert J. Schuerger,ChairChapter 9: Reliability and maintainability verificationD. O. Koval,ChairChapter 10: Summary of equipment rel
16、iability dataRobert G. Arno, ChairChapter 11: Data collectionRobert G. Arno,ChairOther members of the working group who contributed to the development of the 2007version of this recommended practice are as follows:The Gold Book Working Group acknowledges and wholeheartedly thanks Helen L.Garfinkle f
17、or her meticulous editorial work on this recommended practice. Her patienceand exceptional organizational skills pushed this project along quickly and withoutincident. Both the IEEE Standards Association and the Gold Book Working Group aregrateful for her expertise.William F. Braun, Jr.Ali A. Chowdh
18、uryPeyton S. Hale, Jr. Charles R. HeisingKelly ODonnellCopyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this recommendedpractice. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.William J. AckermanGary E. ArntsonAli A
19、l AwaziWilliam H. BartleyThomas S. BassoDavid C. BeachWallace B. Binder, Jr. Thomas H. Bishop Thomas H. Blair William G. BloetheStuart H. BoucheyWilliam F. Braun, Jr. Steven R. Brockschink Chris Brooks William E. Brumsickle Gustavo A. Brunello William A. Byrd Eldridge R. Byron Antonio Cardoso Thomas
20、 Carpenter James S. Case Weijen Chen Danila Chernetsov Keith Chow Bryan R. Cole Stephen P. Conrad Tommy P. Cooper Stephen Dare Matthew T. Davis F. A. DenbrockJ. P. DisciulloCarlo Donati Neal B. Dowling, Jr. Donald G. DunnGary R. Engmann Dan Evans Keith Flowers Carl J. Fredericks Frank J. Gerleve Ran
21、dall C. GrovesThomas M. Gruzs Adrienne M. Hendrickson Michael Henry Werner Hoelzl Dennis HorwitzRonald W. Hotchkiss John A. HoudekJose A. Jarque James H. Jones Javeed A. Khan D. O. Koval Jim KulchiskySaumen K. KunduScott R. Lacy Chung-Yiu LamJason Jy-Shung Lin Albert Livshitz G. L. Luri Keith N. Mal
22、medal Jerry R. Murphy Dennis K. Neitzel Michael S. Newman Lorraine K. PaddenDonald M. ParkerJulian E. Profir John E. PropstMichael A. Roberts Charles W. Rogers M. S. Sachdev Steven Sano Vincent Saporita Bartien Sayogo Thomas SchossigRobert J. SchuergerKenneth S. Sedziol Michael A. Shirven Hyeong J.
23、Sim Herbert J. Sinnock Cameron L. Smallwood Jerry W. Smith Devendra K. Soni Paul B. Sullivan Peter E. Sutherland S. ThamilarasanDavid R. Willow James W. Wilson, Jr. Donald W. ZipseAhmed F. Zobaaviii Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved.When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this recommended p
24、ractice on 7 February2007, it had the following membership:Steve M. Mills,ChairRichard H. Hulett, Vice ChairDon Wright, Past ChairJudith Gorman,Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC RepresentativeRichard DeBlasio,
25、DOE RepresentativeAlan H. Cookson, NIST RepresentativeDon MessinaIEEE Standards Project EditorPatricia A. GerdonIEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program DevelopmentMark D. BowmanDennis B. BrophyWilliam R. GoldbachArnold M. GreenspanRobert M. GrowJoanna N. GueninJulian Forster*Mark S. Halpin
26、Kenneth S. HanusWilliam B. HopfJoseph L. Koepfinger*David J. LawDaleep C. MohlaT. W. OlsenGlenn ParsonsRonald C. PetersenTom A. PrevostGreg RattaRobby RobsonAnne-Marie SahazizianVirginia C. SulzbergerMalcolm V. ThadenRichard L. TownsendWalter WeigelHoward L. WolfmanCopyright 2007 IEEE. All rights re
27、served. ixContentsChapter 1Introduction .11.1 Objectives and scope11.2 Summary of contents of each chapter21.3 How to use this book51.4 Normative references.5Chapter 2Basic concepts of reliability 72.1 Introduction72.2 Definitions72.3 Calculation reference .92.4 Acronyms and abbreviations102.5 Revie
28、w of basic probability .112.6 Reliability and availability.122.7 Defining frequency and duration of outages and interruptions, , MTBF 152.8 Probability distributions.162.9 Methods of reliability and availability analysis.232.10 Performing reliability and availability analyses 272.11 Bibliography 28C
29、hapter 3Planning and design 293.1 Introduction293.2 Fundamentals of power system reliability evaluation .303.3 Examples of reliability and availability analysis of commonlow-voltage industrial power distribution systems 323.4 Cost of power outages653.5 IEEE Gold Book Standard Network783.6 Normative
30、references.853.7 Biography.85Chapter 4Evaluating and improving the reliability of an existing electrical system 894.1 Introduction894.2 Evaluation methodology 904.3 Utility supply availability 914.4 Configuration .944.5 Assessing control and protection .964.6 Physical assessment .984.7 Operations an
31、d maintenance994.8 Other vulnerable areas .1024.9 Conclusion .1034.10 Normative references.1044.11 Bibliography 104x Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved.Chapter 5Preventive maintenance 1055.1 Introduction1055.2 Relationship of maintenance practice and equipment failure1055.3 Equipment preventiv
32、e maintenance.1075.4 Design for preventive maintenance .1095.5 Reliability centered maintenance.1105.6 Relationship of RCM to other disciplines1125.7 RCM implementation plan.1135.8 Data collection requirements .1145.9 Bibliography 117Chapter 6Emergency and standby power .1196.1 Introduction1196.2 Em
33、ergency and standby power supply types.1206.3 Conclusions1286.4 Normative references.128Chapter 7Voltage sag analysis 1297.1 Introduction1297.2 Voltage sag characteristics and reporting 1317.3 Equipment susceptibility to voltage sags.1357.4 Line faultsA major cause for voltage sags.1387.5 Voltage sa
34、g predictions1397.6 Methods of stochastic prediction of voltage sags 1497.7 Examples for rectangular sag calculations.1517.8 Nonrectangular sags.1597.9 Development of voltage sag coordination charts.1637.11 Economic costs of voltage sags .1727.12 Conclusions and future work .1727.13 Normative refere
35、nces.1737.14 Bibliography 173Chapter 87 24 continuous power facilities 1778.1 Introduction1778.2 Special equipment to support continuous operation 1778.3 Defining failure in a 7 24 facility .1808.4 Reliability and availability as tools in evaluation of critical facilities.1828.5 Critical distributio
36、n system configurations1858.6 Reliability and availability of critical distribution system configurations.1948.7 Normative references.1978.8 Bibliography 197Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. xiChapter 9Reliability and maintainability verification 1999.1 Introduction1999.2 Definition of succe
37、ss ratio .2009.3 Acceptance sampling plan .2019.4 Minimizing manufacturer and customer risks .2029.5 Sequential testing plan .2039.6 Development of a sequential testing plan 2049.7 Compliance sequential test acceptance limits2059.8 Compliance sequential test rejection limits .2069.9 Case study 2099.
38、10 Discussion of sequential tests 2109.11 Conclusion .2119.12 Normative references.2129.13 Bibliography 212Chapter 10Summary of equipment reliability data. 21310.1 Introduction21310.2 Part 1: Mechanical and electrical equipment reliability and availability data collection conducted between 1990 and
39、1993.22110.3 Part 2: Equipment reliability surveys (19761989).25910.4 Part 3: Equipment reliability surveys conducted prior to 1976 .28310.5 Bibliography 300Chapter 11Data collection 30511.1 Data collection .30511.2 Facility identification data .30511.3 Facility one-line drawings30511.4 Nameplate in
40、formation 30511.5 Critical equipment designation and sparing.30611.6 Maintenance data .30611.7 Data forms306Annex 11AData collection forms 309Annexes AQ 363Index .365Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power System
41、sChapter 1Introduction1.1 Objectives and scopeThe objective of this book is to present the fundamentals of reliability analysis applied tothe planning and design of industrial and commercial electric power distribution systems.The intended audience for this material is primarily consulting engineers
42、 and plantelectrical engineers and technicians. The design of reliable industrial and commercial power distribution systems is importantbecause of the high cost associated with power outages. It is necessary to consider the costof power outages when making design decisions for new power distribution
43、 systems aswell as to have the ability to make quantitative “cost-versus-reliability” trade-off studies.The lack of credible data concerning equipment reliability and the cost of power outageshas hindered engineers in making such studies. This revision of IEEE Std 493overcomes these obstacles. The a
44、uthors of this book have attempted to provide sufficient information so thatreliability analyses can be performed on industrial and commercial power systems withoutrequiring cross-references to other texts. Included are the following: Basic concepts of reliability analysis by probability methods Fun
45、damentals of power system reliability evaluation Economic evaluation of reliability Recent cost of power outage dataNewextensive mechanical and electrical equipment reliability dataCompleteU.S. Army Corp of Engineers Power Reliability Enhancement Program (PREP)database Examples of reliability analys
46、is of various industrial distribution system operatingconfigurations7 24 continuous power Voltage sag analysisIEEEStd 493-2007 CHAPTER 12 Copyright 2007 IEEE. All rights reserved. Emergency and standby power Evaluating and improving the reliability of existing electrical system Preventative maintena
47、nce Reliability and maintainability verification Standard data collection techniquesThe following chapters present a detailed discussion of factors that impact the planningand design of industrial and commercial power systems:Chapter 2: Basic concepts of reliabilityChapter 3: Planning and designChap
48、ter 4: Evaluating and improving the reliability of an existing electricalsystemChapter 5: Preventative maintenanceChapter 6: Emergency and standby powerChapter 7: Voltage sag analysisChapter 8: 7 24 continuous power facilitiesChapter 9: Reliability and maintainability verificationChapter 10: Summary
49、 of equipment reliability dataChapter 11: Data collection The appendixes (renamed annexes) of IEEE Std 493-19971are included in this revision ofthe IEEE Gold Book.One new annex, Annex Q, has been added to provide additionalinformative material on the reliability analysis of industrial and commercial powersystems. Several new reliability concepts i.e., inherent availability (Ai) and operational availability(Ao) are introduced in this version of the IEEE Gold Book. The inherent frequency andduration of load point interruptions
