1、g44g40g40g40;#23#23#23g54g87g71;#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23g140;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#2
2、3#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23
3、#23#23#23#23#23#23g53g72g89g76g86g76g82g81;#23#23#23g82g73g44g40g40g40;#23#23#23g54g87g71;#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23
4、#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#
5、23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23g44g40g40g40;#23#23#23g53g72g70g82g80g80g72g81g71g72g71;#23#23#23g51g85g68g70g87g76g70g72;#23#23#23g73g82g85g51g85g72g70g76g86g76g82g81;#23#23#23g38g72g81g87g85g76g73g88g74g72;#23#23#23g55g72g86g87g76g81g74;#23#23#23g82g73g47g76g81g72g68g85;#23#23#2
6、3g36g70g70g72g79g72g85g82g80g72g87g72g85g86g44g40g40g40;#23#23#23g36g72g85g82g86g83g68g70g72;#23#23#23g68g81g71;#23#23#23g40g79g72g70g87g85g82g81g76g70;#23#23#23g54g92g86g87g72g80g86;#23#23#23g54g82g70g76g72g87g92g54g83g82g81g86g82g85g72g71;#23#23#23g69g92;#23#23#23g87g75g72g42g92g85g82;#23#23#23g68
7、g81g71;#23#23#23g36g70g70g72g79g72g85g82g80g72g87g72g85;#23#23#23g51g68g81g72g79g44g40g40g40;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23g51g68g85g78;#23#23#23g36g89g72g81g88g72;#23#23#23g49g72g90;#23#23#23g60g82g85g78;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23
8、#23#23g49g60;#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23
9、#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#2
10、3#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23g56g54g36;#23#23#23;#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#237;#23#23#23g54g72g83g87g72g80g69g72g85;#23#23#2
11、3;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23
12、#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23g55g48;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#2
13、3#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23;#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23#23IEEE Std 836-2009 (Revision of IEEE Std 836-2001) IEEE Recommended Practice for Precision Centrifuge Testing of Linear Accelerometers Sponsor Gyro and Accelerometer Panel of the
14、IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society Approved 17 June 2009 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: This recommended practice provides a guide to the conduct and analysis of precision centrifuge tests of linear accelerometers and covers each phase of the tests, beginning with the planning. Possibl
15、e error sources and typical methods of data analysis are addressed. The intent is to provide users involved in centrifuge testing with a detailed understanding of the various factors affecting accuracy of measurement, both factors associated with the centrifuge and factors in the data collection pro
16、cess. Model equations are discussed, both for the centrifuge and for a typical linear accelerometer, each with the complexity needed to accommodate the various identified characteristics and error sources in each. An iterative matrix equation solution is presented for deriving the various model equa
17、tion coefficients for the accelerometer under test from the centrifuge test data. Keywords: accelerometer, accelerometer test, centrifuge, linear accelerometer The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2009 by the Institute of E
18、lectrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 17 September 2009. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also b
19、e obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 836-2009, IEEE Recommended Practice for Precision Centrifuge Testing of Linear Accelerometers. This recommended practice was prepared by the Gyro and
20、 Accelerometer Panel of the Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It is a guide to the conduct and analysis of precision centrifuge tests of linear accelerometers and includes discussions of possible error sources in those tests. It
21、 provides guidance for each phase of the tests, beginning with planning and ending with a discussion of typical methods of data analysis. A discussion of model equations is provided, both for the centrifuge and for a typical linear accelerometer, each with the complexity needed to accommodate the va
22、rious identified characteristics and error sources in each. This recommended practice also presents an iterative matrix equation solution for derivation of the various model equation coefficients for the accelerometer under test from the centrifuge test data. The matrix solution provides a two-quadr
23、ant best fit of the centrifuge data to the chosen model equation. This recommended practice is intended to provide users involved in centrifuge testing with a detailed understanding of the various factors affecting accuracy of measurement, both factors associated with the centrifuge and factors in t
24、he data collection process. Numerical examples are provided so that each factor can be quantitatively evaluated and its contribution to system error compared with a users required accuracy. This information allows the user to identify and evaluate the factors that are critical to a specific planned
25、test. The matrix equation method of data reduction also provides a means of determining data validity as well as model equation adequacy and yields the confidence intervals for each of the model equation coefficients. This recommended practice consists of a main text and ten annexes. The main text p
26、rovides the recommended practice for precision centrifuge testing following a tutorial clause that is intended to provide users with the understanding of critical factors in centrifuge testing as well as the best methods for taking and reducing data. Annex A is a compilation of the characteristics o
27、f known precision centrifuges from data provided from both users and manufacturers. The listing is intended as a guide to available facilities at the time of publication of this recommended practice. Data provided should be considered as merely informative and not as specifications for the listed ma
28、chines. Annex B provides a discussion of evaluation of centrifuges with references provided to clauses of this recommended practice that pertain to the attribute discussed. Annex C provides a more general discussion of fitting theory with particular regard to the often unique character of centrifuge
29、 data and corresponding accelerometer performance requirements. It discusses the application of the method of least squares by which matrix solutions are generated. It also describes the ease of understanding and use. These approximate methods generally address some measure of composite error, rathe
30、r than directly evaluating model equation coefficients. For example, a common specification limits allowable deviations from a straight line determined by two specified points, such as zero-acceleration and some specific value of input acceleration. Annex D discusses the limitations of and alternati
31、ves to centrifuge testing. Problems produced by the acceleration-gradient, the spin rates required, and the difficulty of producing short high-acceleration input pulses are among the problems discussed. Alternatives such as use of dividing heads and the earths gravity are discussed, along with sled
32、testing and vibration testing. Annex E discusses the use of the double centrifuge and rate table with tilted axis of rotation for low-frequency transfer function determination. Annex F presents a refined model of the double centrifuge and rate table with tilted axis of rotation. v Copyright 2009 IEE
33、E. All rights reserved. Annex G describes the processing of dual-proof-mass vibrating beam accelerometer (VBA) centrifuge data. Annex H discusses scale factor calibration for high-acceleration applications on an ultra-centrifuge. Annex I discusses thermal control and data acquisition on the centrifu
34、ge arm. Annex J is a bibliography. The terminology used in this recommended practice conforms to The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms B6aand IEEE Std 528-2001.bThe units used in this recommended practice conform to IEEE Std 268-1992 B9. In this recommended practice, the symbol g is u
35、sed to denote a unit of acceleration equal in magnitude to the local value of gravity at the test site. This symbol is distinguished from g, which is the standard symbol for gram. The following standards were used in the development of this recommended practice: IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997 B7 IEEE Std 260.
36、1-1993 B8 IEEE Std 315-1975 B10 Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are resp
37、onsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the
38、 IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and ad
39、option by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE standards should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time
40、through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, corrigenda, or errata then in effect. In order to determine whether a given document is the current edition and whet
41、her it has been amended through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata, visit the IEEE Standards Association web site at http:/ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/standards.jsp, or contact the IEEE at the address listed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE
42、 standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. aThe numbers in brackets correspond to the numbers of the bibliography in Annex J. bInformation on references can be found in Clause 2. vi Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. Errata Errata, if any, for this
43、 and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/readi
44、ng/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connecti
45、on therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Lett
46、er of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information m
47、ay be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Participants This publication represents a group effort on a large scale. The major contributors to the original version of this recommended practice, IEEE Std 836-1991, were as follows: Rex B. Peters, Chair D. R. Anderson C. H. Barker S. F. Becka
48、J. S. Beri C. E. Bosson H. T. Califano A. T. Campbell* A. Champsi J. F. Conroy J. W. Davies H. B. Diamond G. W. Erickson J. Feldman A. H. Ferraris T. A. Fuhrman K. N. Green R. E. Hartzell M. D. Hooser B. Katz K. J. Klarman M. G. Koning E. L. Landenheim K. Lantiz T. C. Lear J. Lewis D. D. Lynch D. F.
49、 Macy R. D. Marquess H. D. Morris G. E. Morrison* G. C. Murray G. H. Neugebauer J. G. Neugroshchl D. F. Nieman P. W. Ott S. C. Piccione L. W. Richardson C. L. Seacord G. L. Shaw P. B. Simpson N. F. Sinnot R. B. Smith T. S. Stanley C. O. Swanson* R. R. Thede L. O. Thielman C. I. Thornburg L. A. Trozpek R. L. Van Alstine B. J. Wimber* B. R. Youmans *Past Chair While the development of IEEE Std 836-1991 was a group effort, the contributions of one member were fundamental to its preparation and he clearly deserves special recognition. George H. Neugebauer develo
