1、ANSI N42.18-2004(Reaffirmation of ANSI N42.18-1980)(Redesignation of ANSI N13.10-1974)American National StandardSpecification and Performance ofOn-Site Instrumentation forContinuously Monitoring Radioactivity inEffluentsSponsorAtomic Industrial Forum, Inc.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi
2、neers, Inc.Approved 2 December 2004American National Standards InstitutePublished byInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997 USAAmerican National StandardAn American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its s
3、cope and provisions.An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public.The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved thestandard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, pu
4、rchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures notconforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned toobtain the latest editions.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures
5、 ofthe American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard nolater than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive currentinformation on all standards by calling or writing the American
6、National Standards Institute. Copyright 1974 byThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncNo part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without theprior written permission of the publisher.iiiForewordThe Joint Subcommittee o
7、f American National Standards Committees N13 and N42, which was responsible for thedevelopment of this standard, was established by authority of the Chairmen of American National StandardsCommittees N13 and N42 to represent the interests of the respective parent committees. The Joint Subcommitteecom
8、prises 50 percent manufacturer and 50 percent user membership; thus this standard includes the additional featureof incorporating the experience of both the manufacturer and the user.The American National Standards Committee on Radiation Protection, N13, which, together with the AmericanNational Sta
9、ndards Committee on Instrumentation, N42, reviewed and approved this standard, had the followingmembership at the time of approval:M. E. Wrenn, Chair James E. Sohngen, Secretary Organization Represented Name of RepresentativeAmerican Chemical SocietyIra B. WhitneyAmerican Conference of Governmental
10、IndustrialHygienists . D.E. Van FarroweAmerican Industrial Hygiene Association .H. Wilbur SpeicherAmerican Insurance Association Karl H. CarlsonAmerican Mutual Insurance Alliance . William J. UberAmerican Nuclear Society .James E. McLaughlinAmerican Public Health Association Simon KinsmanGerald S. P
11、arker (Alt)American Society for Testing and Materials. L.B. GardnerJ. H. Bystrom (Alt)A. N.Tschaeche (Alt)American Society of Mechanical Engineers H.J. LarsonAssociation of State and Territorial Health Officers Sherwood DaviesAtomic Industrial Forum. James E. SohngenElectric Light and Power Group .M
12、arvin SullivanGordon A. Olson (Alt)Environmental Protection Agency . David S, SmithHealth Physics Society.L. J. CherubinJohn J. Ferry (Alt)Industrial Medical Association William Doran, JrInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers D.G. PitcherInstitute of Nuclear Materials Management. Ken Okol
13、owitzRobert Budd (Alt)International Association of Governmental Labor Officials Jacqueline MessitePhillip M. Bourland (Alt)International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers .Paul R. ShoopManufacturing Chemists Association, Inc P.W. McDanielPaul Estey (Alt)National Bureau of Standards .Thomas P. Loftus
14、Thomas Hobbs (Alt)National Safety CouncilHugh F. HenryJulian B. Olishifski (Alt)Harry Rapp (Alt)Uranium Operators Association.L.W. SwentR. T. Zitting (Alt)US Atomic Energy Commission. Edward J. VallarioWalter Cool (Alt)US Bureau of Labor John P. ONeillivG. Walker Daubenspeck (Alt)US Public Health Se
15、rviceRichard F. BoggsRoger G. Bostrom (Alt)Individual Members . William O. ChatfieldDonald C, FleckensteinDuncan A. HoladayRemus G. McAllisterThe American National Standards Committee on Instrumentation, N42, had the following membership at the time ofapproval:L. Costrell, Chair D.C. Cook, Secretary
16、 American Chemical Society. L.P. Remsberg, JrAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists J. LiebermanAmerican Industrial Hygiene Association (Vacant)American Nuclear Society (Vacant)American Society of Mechanical Engineers R.C. AustinAmerican Society of Safety Engineers . (Vacant)Ameri
17、can Society for Testing and MaterialsJ.L. KuranzJ. A. Dwyer (Alt)Atomic Industrial Forum. W.J. LepeskaHealth Physics Society.J.B.H. KuperR. L. Butenhoff (Alt)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .L. CostrellL. H. HornL. KornblithJ. J. LovingJ. Forster (Alt)Instrument Society of America
18、. (Vacant)SEDEC Electron Tube Council. (Vacant)Manufacturing Chemists Association .M.C. MasonNational Electrical Manufacturers Association .J.F. ConnellyOak Ridge National Laboratory. F. ManningScientific Apparatus Makers Association W.H. HoweUnderwriters Laboratories. L.H. HornR. E. Dufour (Alt)US
19、Atomic Energy Commission.Division of Biology and Medicine .H.R. WassonDivision of Reactor Development and Technology C. PovetUS Department of the Army Materiel CommandA.E. CohenOffice of Secretary of Army Office of Civil Defense .C.R. Siebentritt, JrUS Department of Commerce National Bureau of Stand
20、ards .L. CostrellUS Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service H.J.L. RechenR. Peterson (Alt)US Naval Research Laboratory D. C, CookMembers-at-LargeO.W. BilharzS. H. HanauerW. C. LipinskiR. F. SheaE. J. VallariovThe Joint Subcommittee N13/42, which was responsible for develop
21、ing this standard, had the following membershipat the time of approval:Edward J. Vallario, Cochairman (N13)Joseph Bellian, Cochairman (N42)E. BemisV. T. ChilsonA. CohenJohn DempseyE. E. GoodaleJ. D. HendersonR. L. KathrenW. R. KleinT. P. LoftusH. W. PattersonH. J. L. RechenC. R. Siebentritt. JrH. R.
22、 WassonThe drafting committee, Task Group B, had the following membership at the time of approval:J. G. BellianV. T. Chilson (consultant)A. CohenJ. D. HendersonA. P. Hull (consultant)R. L. KathrenL. R. Kueberth (consultant)J. M. SelbyE. J. VallarioviCLAUSE PAGE1. Introduction.12. Scope.13. Definitio
23、ns.24. Factors Influencing Selection of Instrumentation.34.1 Effluent Stream Factors. 34.2 Environmental Factors. 34.3 Standards, Regulation, and Public Responsibility. 44.4 Calibration 45. Effluent Monitoring Systems 55.1 General Considerations. . 55.2 Selection Criteria 55.3 Specification of Perfo
24、rmance. 65.4 Standards of Performance. . 86. Bibliography15Copyright 1974 IEEE All Rights Reserved 1American National StandardSpecification and Performance of On-Site Instrumentation for Continuously Monitoring Radioactivity in Effluents1. IntroductionThe release of radioactivity from nuclear facili
25、ties to the environment generally is monitored by installedinstrumentation. The objective of such instrumentation is to measure the quantity or rate, or both, of release ofradionuclides in the effluent streams and to provide documentation useful for scientific and legal purposes. Thisstandard applie
26、s to continuous monitors that measure normal releases, detect inadvertent releases, show generaltrends, and annunciate radiation levels that have exceeded predetermined values.2. ScopeThis standard provides recommendations for the selection of instrumentation specific to the continuous monitoringand
27、 quantification of radioactivity in effluents released to the environment. The effluent streams considered maycontain radioactive gases, liquids, particulates, or dissolved solids singly or in combination. This standard specifiesdetection capabilities, physical and operating limits, reliability, and
28、 calibration requirements and sets forth minimumperformance requirements for effluent monitoring instrumentation. Unless otherwise specified, the criteria herein referto the total system. This standard applies only to monitoring during routine operation that includes abnormal releases.Emergency situ
29、ations, where additional performance capability will be required, are a matter of separateconsideration.Also outside the scope of this standard are sample extraction and laboratory analyses, normally used forintercomparison between monitor calibrations and laboratory analyses, and other applications
30、 for continuousmonitoring instrumentation such as environmental monitoring or process control. Sampling techniques are covered inANSI N13.1-1969, Guide to Sampling Airborne Radioactive Materials in Nuclear Facilities.2 Copyright 1974 IEEE All Rights ReservedANSI N13.10-1974 SPECIFICATION AND PERFORM
31、ANCE OF ON-SITE INSTRUMENTATION FOR3. DefinitionsThese definitions are restricted to the purpose of this standard.accuracy: The degree of agreement with the true value of the quantity being measured.NOTE Accuracy is subject to the influence of unknown systematic errors.authorities: Any governmental
32、agencies or recognized scientific bodies which by their charter define regulations orstandards dealing with radiation protection.calibrate: Adjustmentsystem and the determination of system accuracy using one or more sources traceable to theNBS (National Bureau of Standards).check: The use of a sourc
33、e to determine if the detector and all electronic components of the system are operatingcorrectly.detector: Any device for converting radiation flux to a signal suitable for observation and measurement.effluent: The liquid or gaseous waste streams released to the environment.extracameral effect: App
34、arent response of an instrument caused by radiation on any other portion of the system thanthe detector.in line: A system where the detector assembly is adjacent to or immersed in the total effluent stream.off line: A system where an aliquot is withdrawn from the effluent stream and conveyed to the
35、detector assembly.on site: Location within a facility that is controlled with respect to access by the general public.plate out: A thermal, electrical, chemical, or mechanical action that results in a loss of material by deposition onsurfaces between sampling point and detector.precision: The degree
36、 of agreement of repeated measurements of the same property. expressed in terms of dispersionof test results about the mean result obtained by repetitive testing of a homogenous sample under specified conditions.The precision of a method is expressed quantitatively as the standard deviation computed
37、 from the results of a seriesof controlled determinations.primary calibration: The determination of the electronic system accuracy when the detector is exposed in a knowngeometry to radiation from sources of known energies and activity levels traceable to the NBS.quality assurance: All those planned
38、 and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a systemor component will perform satisfactorily in service.response time: The time interval from a step change in the input concentration at the instrument inlet to a reading of90 percent (nominally equivalent to 2.2 time constan
39、ts)ultimate recorded output.secondary calibration: The determination of the response of a system with an applicable source whose effect on thesystem was established at the time of a primary calibration.sensitivity: The minimum amount of contaminant that can repeatedly be detected by an instrument.sy
40、stem: The entire assembled equipment excluding only the sample collecting pipe.Copyright 1974 IEEE All Rights Reserved 3CONTINUOUSLY MONITORING RADIOACTIVITY IN EFFLUENTS ANSI N13.10-19744. Factors Influencing Selection of Instrumentation4.1 Effluent Stream Factors.4.1.1 Radiological Characteristics
41、 of the Effluent Stream.The radiological characteristics of an effluent stream influence system capability requirements. The concentration ofeach radionuclide present with its particular half-life and type (alpha, beta, and photon) and the energy of radiationemitted must be considered in the selecti
42、on of detectors. Alpha and beta radiation may be particularly subject to energyabsorption in the detector housing of the effluent materials, thus influencing the sensitivity of the system. Alpha andlow-energy beta radiation will not be measured at all if there is any appreciable thickness of materia
43、l between theeffluent and the detector. If a detector housing or the wall of the effluent line separate the effluent from the detector, theabsorption of photons and charged particle equilibrium must be considered. In addition, a delay between sampling andmeasurement may significantly affect the dete
44、ction capability of the system for radionuclides with short half-lives.4.1.2 Physical Characteristics of the Effluent.Physical characteristics of a gaseous or liquid effluent that may influence system capability include temperature.pressure, humidity, size and number of suspended particles, and flow
45、 rate. Since the sensitivity of detection may berelated to one or more of these physical characteristics, they must be considered so that the sample characteristics areaccurately related to those of the effluent stream.The size and distribution of suspended particles in the effluent will affect the
46、choice and location of the samplingdevice and detector. It should be recognized that the density or accumulation of collected particles might cause self-absorption losses and that the detector could become contaminated,Effluent flow rate may also govern the type of sampling device, particularly for
47、an off-line monitoring system. Sincemost monitoring systems directly measure the concentration of radioactivity in an effluent stream, the stream flowrates must be determined accurately to derive the total released activity. And since most monitoring systems measureonly a portion of the radioactivit
48、y in the effluent stream, a representative sample must be assured.4.1.3 Chemical Characteristics of the Effluent.The major chemical characteristics that may influence system capability include sample plate out, corrosiveness, andcombustibility. Plate out can result in differences in the concentratio
49、ns of radionuclides in the sample and in theeffluent. The corrosiveness of the sample can damage the system components such as the detector, sampler, filtermedium, piping and pump. Damage of any of these could result in a nonrepresentative sample and eventual systemfailure. If an effluent contains combustible or highly reactive materials, care must be taken to prevent conditions thatcould permit explosion or combustion.4.2 Environmental Factors.4.2.1 Temperature.Both the detector and the electronic portions of an effluent monitoring system may be influenced by temperaturevari
