1、 ISO 2012 Mechanical vibration and shock Mechanical impedance of the human hand-arm system at the driving point Vibrations et chocs mcaniques Impdance mcanique du systme main-bras au point dentre INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10068 Second edition 2012-12-01 Reference number ISO 10068:2012(E) ISO 10068:
2、2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in w
3、riting from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 10068:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights
4、reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 T erms and definitions . 2 3 Mechanical impedance of the hand-arm system at the driving point .2 4 Applicability of values of impedance 8 5 Applications 10 5.1 General 10 5.2 Evaluation of the transmissibility of resilient materials
5、 when loaded by the hand- arm system 10 5.3 Models of the hand-arm system 11 5.4 Estimation of power absorbed in the hand-arm system and its frequency dependence 11 Annex A (normative) Reference values for the z h -component of the mechanical impedance of the hand-arm system .12 Annex B (informative
6、) Model 114 Annex C (informative) Model 2 19 Annex D (informative) Model 3 .24 Annex E (informative) Model of the gloved hand-arm system 29 Annex F (informative) Examples of frequency dependence derived from vibration power absorption .32 Annex G (informative) Measurement of the mechanical impedance
7、 of the hand-arm system .36 Bibliography .37 ISO 10068:2012(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical com
8、mittees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
9、 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft Internatio
10、nal Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be t
11、he subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 10068 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring, Subcommittee SC 4, Human exposure to mechanical vibration and shock. This seco
12、nd edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10068:1998), of which it constitutes a technical revision. The second edition includes the results of measurements of hand-arm impedance conducted since publication of the first edition, and it includes new models for apparent mass and mechanica
13、l impedance. The models now possess anatomic compatibility, and identify components for the fingers, palm, wrist and arm, and upper body. A model of the hand-arm system is provided when a glove is worn to estimate the transmissibility of vibration from a vibrating handle to the surface of the hand.
14、The frequency dependency of the vibration power absorbed by the hand-arm system and by structures within the hand-arm system (i.e. fingers, palm and wrist, and arm) is also included. Information on methods for measuring the mechanical impedance of the hand-arm system is also provided in an annex.iv
15、ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO 10068:2012(E) Introduction The mechanical impedance of the human hand-arm system at the driving point provides a measure of the overall biodynamic properties of the hand-arm system in specified conditions. When the hands are coupled to a vibrating tool or machine, th
16、e dynamic behaviour of the tool or machine could be affected by the biodynamic properties of the hand-arm system. Therefore, the mechanical impedance can be used to help design or develop: a) power tools, and tool handles; b) vibration-reducing and protective devices; c) testing apparatus with which
17、 to measure the handle vibration of power tools. Values of the mechanical impedance can be used to establish mechanical-equivalent models of the hand- arm system. The models can be used to analyse the vibration of tools and anti-vibration devices, and to guide the construction of testing apparatus.
18、The models can also be used to estimate biodynamic responses such as vibration power absorption and biodynamic forces acting at the hand-tool interfaces. Such knowledge can be used to help understand the mechanisms of vibration-induced disorders and discomfort, and to help develop frequency weightin
19、gs for assessing these effects. The establishment of typical values for human hand-arm impedance will foster these applications. The response of the hand-arm system to vibration depends not only on the mechanical properties of the hand and arm, but also on the coupling between the hand and the vibra
20、ting surface. The major factors that could influence the response are as follows: direction of vibration with respect to the hand-arm system; geometry of the object grasped; forces exerted by the hand on the object; hand and arm postures; individual differences, such as tissue properties and anthrop
21、ometric characteristics of the hand-arm system; vibration magnitude, because of the nonlinear properties of tissues. The forces exerted by the hand are usually described in terms of the grip force and feed force. The latter is often called the “thrust”, “push” or “press” force. In this International
22、 Standard, typical values for the mechanical impedance of the hand-arm system measured at the driving point of one bare hand are provided. They have been derived from the results of impedance measurements performed on groups of live male subjects by different investigators. Insufficient data are ava
23、ilable from independent sources to specify hand-arm impedances for females. There are large differences between the mean values of impedance reported in studies conducted independently, under nominally equivalent conditions. The variations have dictated the form in which the standardized male hand-a
24、rm impedance is presented. The most probable values of impedance modulus and phase are defined, as a function of frequency, by upper and lower envelopes, which encompass the mean values of all accepted data sets at each frequency. The envelopes have been constructed from segmental cubic spline funct
25、ions, and define, at each frequency, the range of accepted values of the male hand-arm impedance. The mean of the accepted data sets, and standard deviation of the mean, are defined as a function of frequency, and represent the target values for all applications of this International Standard. No im
26、pedance modulus or phase presented as a function of frequency in this International Standard corresponds precisely to the mean value measured in a single investigation involving human subjects, at all frequencies. ISO 2012 All rights reserved v Mechanical vibration and shock Mechanical impedance of
27、the human hand-arm system at the driving point 1 Scope This International Standard specifies the mechanical impedance of the human male hand-arm system at the driving point. Values of the impedance, expressed as modulus and phase, are provided for three orthogonal, translatory directions of excitati
28、on that correspond to the x h -, y h - and z h -axes of the basicentric coordinate system. NOTE 1 The basicentric coordinate system is defined in ISO 5349-1 2and ISO 8727. 5 The x h -, y h - and z h -components of impedance are defined as a function of frequency, from 10 Hz to 500 Hz, for specified
29、arm positions, grip and feed forces, handle diameters, and intensities of excitation. The components of impedance in the three directions are treated as being independent. This International Standard can be used to define typical values of the mechanical impedance of the hand-arm system at the drivi
30、ng point, applicable to males under the circumstances specified. This International Standard can provisionally be applied to females. Reference values of the mechanical impedance at the driving point are provided as a function of frequency for a specified grip and feed force. NOTE 2 See Annex A. The
31、se impedance values are intended for the determination of the transmissibility of resilient materials when loaded by the hand-arm system. Mathematical representations of the hand-arm system that model the mean values of apparent mass or impedance are provided. NOTE 3 See Annexes B to D. A gloved han
32、d-arm model is described, and the frequency dependence of vibration power absorption in the hand-arm system is also provided. NOTE 4 See Annexes E and F. To help conduct further measurement of the mechanical impedance, especially for circumstances that are not specified in this International Standar
33、d, information on the measurement of mechanical impedance is provided. NOTE 5 See Annex G.INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 10068:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1 ISO 10068:2012(E) 2 T erms an d definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 mechanical
34、 impedance of the hand-arm system at the driving point Z h complex ratio of the dynamic force F acting on the hand contact surface and the vibration velocity input v to the hand, given by the equation Z h () = F()/v() Equation (1), where is the vibration frequency in radians per second NOTE 1 The me
35、chanical impedance can be derived from the apparent mass M hof the hand-arm system, which is defined as the complex ratio of the dynamic force and the vibration acceleration a and is expressed by the equation M h () = F()/a() Equation (2). NOTE 2 The relationship between the mechanical impedance and
36、 the apparent mass can be expressed by the equation Z h () = jM h () Equation (3), where j 1 NOTE 3 These biodynamic response functions are generally complex, i.e. they possess real and imaginary parts, which can be expressed as modulus and phase. 3 Mechanical impedance of the hand-arm system at the
37、 driving point The modulus and phase of the mechanical impedance of the hand-arm system at the driving point are given in Tables 1 to 3 and (for illustration) in Figures 1 to 3 at one-third-octave band centre frequencies, for three orthogonal directions of excitation. The directions correspond to th
38、e x h -, y h - and z h -axes of the basicentric coordinate system for the hand (see Figure 5). Each table and figure contains three values of modulus and phase at each frequency, for each direction of motion, to reflect the range of values measured on male hands. The upper and lower values define th
39、e range of most probable values of impedance. The third value represents an overall mean of the human data, and defines the target value for all applications. The upper and lower limiting values at each frequency encompass the mean values of all data sets selected, and are shown by bold continuous c
40、urves in Figures 1 to 3. The central value at each frequency, shown by dashed curves in Figures 1 to 3, provides an estimate of the mean of all data sets selected, and forms the target value for all applications. Numerical values are quoted up to three significant figures for the purposes of calcula
41、tion, and do not reflect the precision of knowledge of the hand-arm impedance. Linear interpolation is permitted to obtain impedance values at frequencies other than those listed in Tables 1 to 3. Applications that generate or employ values of impedance between the upper and lower limits at any freq
42、uency satisfy the requirements of this International Standard, and represent the group mean of the male hand-arm mechanical impedance at that frequency, or frequencies. If an application only satisfies the requirements of this International Standard at certain frequencies, then those frequencies sho
43、uld be stated in any description of the application. NOTE Because each set of the selected data represents the group mean of the individuals participating in the study, the impedance for a specific individual could be beyond the limits.2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO 10068:2012(E) Table 1 Values
44、of the mechanical impedance of the hand-arm system at the driving point in the x h -direction Frequency Hz Modulus Ns/m Phase degrees Lower limit Mean Upper limit Lower limit Mean Upper limit 10 24 38 59 36 53 68 12,5 30 49 71 38 53 69 16 33 54 80 38 53 70 20 36 64 84 38 54 71 25 43 72 104 38 57 72
45、31,5 51 80 125 38 53 73 40 62 95 154 37 53 73 50 74 112 189 36 51 70 63 90 140 233 33 47 66 80 109 172 280 29 43 63 100 120 199 300 23 37 60 125 124 211 302 18 31 57 160 123 210 294 11 29 52 200 120 208 287 7 23 48 250 119 189 287 6 24 45 315 120 207 302 6 25 44 400 134 224 360 8 26 45 500 168 292 4
46、42 10 29 47 ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3 ISO 10068:2012(E) Table 2 Values of the mechanical impedance of the hand-arm system at the driving point in the y h -direction Frequency Hz Modulus Ns/m Phase degrees Lower limit Mean Upper limit Lower limit Mean Upper limit 10 21 55 80 20 39 55 12,5 23 62
47、90 15 35 54 16 26 70 106 11 32 52 20 30 86 119 6 31 49 25 35 96 128 1 23 44 31,5 40 88 132 6 18 39 40 48 102 135 12 7 30 50 55 101 130 18 1 22 63 61 93 117 22 2 16 80 64 86 106 23 5 10 100 63 86 106 23 9 7 125 60 80 106 22 11 6 160 54 77 107 19 7 7 200 49 71 108 16 6 9 250 45 67 110 11 0 17 315 45 6
48、9 113 7 8 30 400 51 71 118 4 16 45 500 66 79 134 1 22 564 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO 10068:2012(E) Table 3 Values of the mechanical impedance of the hand-arm system at the driving point in the z h -direction Frequency Hz Modulus Ns/m Phase degrees Lower limit Mean Upper limit Lower limit Mean
49、Upper limit 10 120 145 200 15 29 45 12,5 80 149 225 10 29 46 16 133 181 250 5 31 48 20 141 217 325 0 31 49 25 200 266 361 0 26 44 31,5 275 311 365 2 16 27 40 240 315 358 13 1 6 50 220 263 321 33 13 3 63 140 216 285 47 15 1 80 95 170 240 37 11 2 100 85 158 239 12 1 6 125 100 156 240 5 6 20 160 108 163 247 5 16 30 200 113 184 271 10 21 34 250 150 212 320 13 21 29 315 150 235 363 5 20 30 400 190 243 365 2 21 32 500 185 254 362 7 21 30 ISO 2012 All rights reserved 5 ISO 1
