1、A Referencenumbe r ISO11940:1998(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11940 Firstedition 19980601 Informationanddocumentation TransliterationofThai InformationetdocumentationTranslittrationduthaISO11940:1998(E) ISO1998 Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced orutil
2、izedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopyingand microfilm,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. InternationalOrganizationforStandardization Casepostale56 CH1211Genve20 Switzerland Internet centraliso.ch X.400 c=ch;a=400net;p=iso;o=isocs;s=central PrintedinSwitzerland
3、ii Foreword ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwide federationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISOmemberbodies).Theworkof preparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISO technicalcommittees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhich atechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishe
4、dhastherighttoberepresented onthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnon governmental,inliaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISO collaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization. DraftInternationalStandardsadoptedby
5、thetechnicalcommitteesare circulatedtothememberbodiesforvoting.PublicationasanInternational Standardrequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofthememberbodiescasting avote. InternationalStandardISO11940waspreparedbyTechnicalCommittee ISO/TC46, Informationanddocumentation,SubcommitteeSC2, Conver sionofwrittenlang
6、uages . AnnexAformsanintegralpartofthisInternationalStandard.AnnexesB andCareforinformationonly.INTERNATIONALSTANDARD ISO ISO11940:1998(E) 1 InformationanddocumentationTransliterationofThai 1Scope ThisInternationalStandardestablishesasystemforthetransliteration 1) ofThaicharactersintoRomancharacters
7、.Onesetof rulesisprovidedforacompletelyreversiblestringentconversionwhereprinciplesoftransliterationareappliedwithout exception. ThisRomanizedtransliterationsystemisameansofconvertingtheThaiwritingsystemintoaRomanalphabetwritingsystem. SincetherearefewerRomancharactersthanThaicharacters,diacriticalm
8、arks,punctuationmarks,andacombinationoftwo Romancharacters,oradigraph,areneededtorepresentoneThaicharacter.Theaimofthissystemistoprovideameansof internationalcommunicationofwrittenmessagesinaformwhichpermitstheautomatictransmissionorreconstitutionofthese bymenormachines.Thissystemofconversionisinten
9、dedtoprovidecompleteandunambiguousreversibility.Itispossible thattheresultsobtainedfromthissystemwillnotprovideforcorrectpronunciationoftheoriginalThaitext.However,they willserveasameansoffindingtheThaigraphismsautomaticallyandthustoallowanyonewithaknowledgeofThaito pronouncetheThaitextcorrectly.Ana
10、ttempttotransposeapreposedvowelafteraninitialconsonantmaycomfortthosewho areusedtotheRomanwritingsystemwhereavowelalwaysfollowsaconsonanttoformasyllable,unlessitisasyllable withoutaninitial.ItisbesttoleavethepreposedvowelintheThaitransliterationsystemwhereitis,becauseatransliter ation systemisnotatr
11、anscriptionsystem. Capitallettersarereservedforwritingtheinitialinpropernouns.Itisunwisetomakeuseofcapitallettersinthe transliterationsystemforcertaincharacters,otherwisecommonnounsandpropernounscannotbedistinguishedfromone another. Thissystemisbasedonphoneticlogicintheselectionoftransliteratedrepre
12、sentations,asmuchaspossible,inordertoles sen theburdenonthosewhowishtolearnthesystem. 2Normativereference Thefollowingstandardcontainsprovisionswhich,throughreferenceinthistext,constituteprovisionsofthisInternational Standard.Atthetimeofpublication,theeditionindicatedwasvalid.Allstandardsaresubjectt
13、orevision,andpartiesto agreementsbasedonthisInternationalStandardareencouragedtoinvestigatethepossibilityofapplyingthemostrecent editionofthestandardindicatedbelow.MembersofIECandISOmaintainregistersofcurrentlyvalidInternationalStandards. ISO/IEC106461:1993, InformationTechnologyUniversalMultipleOct
14、etCodedCharacterSet(UCS)Part 1: ArchitectureandBasicMultilingualPlane . 3Definitions ForthepurposesofthisInternationalStandard,thefollowingdefinitionsapply. 3.1 characters:Alphabeticletters,digits,specialmarkers,andothermarkers. 3.2 Thaicharacters: Thaialphabeticletters,Thaidigits,andspecialmarkersw
15、hicharedividedintothefollowing: 1)Definitions,explanationsfortermsused(transliteration,transcription,etc.)appearinannexA.ISO11940:1998(E) ISO 2 3.2.1 Thaialphabeticletters: 3.2.1.1 Consonants: “ ” 3.2.1.2 Vowels 3.2.1.2.1 Vowelswrittenonthesamelevelasconsonants: 3.2.1.2.2 Vowelswrittenabovetheline(u
16、pperlevelcharacters): 3.2.1.2.3 Vowelswrittenbelowtheline(lowerlevelcharacters): 3.2.1.3 ToneMarksandCancellationMarkwrittenintheuppermostlevel 2) (uppermostlevelcharacters): 3.2.2 ThaiDigits: 3.2.3 SpecialMarkers: 3.3 specialsymbols:ReferstothefoursymbolsusedtodifferentiateoneRomancharacterthatrepr
17、esentsthesamesound convertedfromdifferentThaicharacters: 3.3.1 macron 3.3.2 macronbelow 3.3.3 dotbelow 3.3.4 horn 2)Ifatonemarkoracancellationmarkisdirectlyoveraconsonantwithoutanupperlevelcharacter,itisadjustedtoan upperlevelin typesettinganddisplayingonthecomputerscreenforneatnessofappearance.ISO
18、ISO11940:1998(E) 3 4Arrangementofcharactersequence 4.1 Theconversionismadecharacterbycharacterfromlefttoright. 4.2 Aconsonantcanhaveeitheranupperleveloralowerlevelcharacterand/oranuppermostlevelcharacter;thesequence ofthecharactersmustbeasfollows: 4.2.1 Aconsonantwitheitheranupperlevelcharacteroranu
19、ppermostlevelcharacter,e.g. = ,or = : a.Typetheconsonantfirst;then b.Typetheupperlevelcharacterortheuppermostlevelcharacter. 4.2.2 Aconsonantwithbothanupperlevelcharacterandanuppermostlevelcharacter,e.g. = : a.Typetheconsonantfirst;then b.Typetheuppermostlevelcharacter,and c.Typetheupperlevelcharact
20、er. 4.2.3 Aconsonantwithalowerlevelcharacter,e.g. = : a.Typetheconsonantfirst;then b.Typethelowerlevelcharacter. 4.2.4 Aconsonantwithanuppermostlevelcharacterandalowerlevelcharacter,e.g. = : a.Typetheconsonantfirst;then b.Typetheuppermostlevelcharacter,and c.Typethelowerlevelcharacter. Itmustbenoted
21、thatbothanupperlevelcharacterandalowerlevelcharactercannotconcurrentlyappearwiththesame consonant. 5Typingsequence 5.1 IfaRomancharactercontainsonespecialsymbol,typethecharacterbeforethesymbol. 5.2 IfaRomancharactercontainstwospecialsymbols,typethecharacterfirst,thenthemacron,andthedotbeloworthe hor
22、nrespectively.ISO11940:1998(E) ISO 4 6Romanizationtable No. Thai character Codepositionof Thaicharacterin ISO/IEC106461 Romanized character Codeposition(s)of romanizedcharactersin ISO/IEC106461 Comments 1 0E01 006B KoKai 2 0E02 006B+0304+0068 KhoKhai 3 0E03 006B+0304+0323+0068 KhoKhuat 4 0E04 006B+0
23、068 KhoKhwai 5 0E05 006B+031B+0068 KhoKhon 6 0E06 006B+0304+0068 KhoRakhang 7 0E07 006E+0067 NgoNgu 8 0E08 0063 ChoChan 9 0E09 0063+0304+0068 ChoChing 10 “ 0E0A 0063+0068 ChoChang 11 0E0B 0074 SoSo 12 0E0C 0063+0323+0068 ChoChoe 13 0E0D 0079+0323 YoYing 14 0E0E 0064+0323 DoChada 15 0E0F 0074+0323 To
24、Patak 16 0E10 0074+0304+0323+0068 ThoThan 17 0E11 0074+0331+0068 ThoNangmontho 18 0E12 0074+031B+0068 ThoPhuthao 19 0E13 006E+0323 NoNen 20 0E14 0064 DoDekISO ISO11940:1998(E) 5 No. Thai character Codepositionof Thaicharacterin ISO/IEC106461 Romanized character Codeposition(s)of romanizedcharactersi
25、n ISO/IEC106461 Comments 21 0E15 0074 ToTao 22 0E16 0074+0304+0068 ThoThung 23 0E17 0074+0068 ThoThahan 24 0E18 0074+0323+0068 ThoThong 25 0E19 006E NoNu 26 ” 0E1A 0062 BoBaimai 27 0E1B 0070 PoPla 28 0E1C 0070+0304+0068 PhoPhung 29 0E1D 0066+0304 FoFa 30 0E1E 0070+0068 PhoPhan 31 0E1F 0066 FoFan 32
26、0E20 0070+0323+0068 PhoSamphao 33 0E21 006D MoMa 34 0E22 0079 YoYak 35 0E23 0072 RoRua 36 0E24 0076 Ru 37 0E25 006C LoLing 38 0E26 0142 Lu 39 0E27 0077 WoWaen 40 0E28 0073+0304+0323 SoSala 41 0E29 0073+0304+031B SoRusiISO11940:1998(E) ISO 6 No. Thai character Codepositionof Thaicharacterin ISO/IEC10
27、6461 Romanized character Codeposition(s)of romanizedcharactersin ISO/IEC106461 Comments 42 0E2A 0073+0304 SoSua 43 0E2B 0068+0304 HoHip 44 0E2C 006C+0323 LoChula 45 0E2D 0078 OAng 46 0E2E 0068+0323 HoNokhuk 47 0E30 0061 SaraA 48 0E31 0061+0323 MaiHanAkat 49 0E32 0061+0304 SaraAa 50 0E33 00E5 SaraAm
28、51 0E34 0069 SaraI 52 0E35 012B SaraIi 53 0E36 0075+0323 SaraUe 54 0E37 0075+0304+0323 SaraUee 55 0E38 0075 SaraU 56 0E39 0075+0304 SaraUu 57 0E40 0065 SaraE 58 0E41 00E6 SaraAe 59 0E42 006F SaraO 60 0E43 0131 SaraAiMaimuan 61 0E44 0069+0323 SaraAiMaimalai 62 0E45 0268 LakkhangyaoISO ISO11940:1998(E
29、) 7 No. Thai character Codepositionof Thaicharacterin ISO/IEC106461 Romanized character Codeposition(s)of romanizedcharactersin ISO/IEC106461 Comments 63 0E48 0300 MaiEk 64 0E49 0302 MaiTho 65 0E4A 0301 MaiTri 66 0E4B 030C MaiChattawa 67 0E47 0306 “Maitaikhu”shortens alongvowelsyllable, whenashortvo
30、wel symbol doesnot exist. 68 0E4C 0312 “Thanthakhat” silences acharacteroragroup ofcharacterswhenit appearsabovethat character,whichmay bethelastcharacterof thegroup,suchas . 69 0E46 00AB “Maiyamok”indicates arepetitionofaword, agroupofwordsora phrase,orsometimes evenasentence. 70 0E2F 01C2 “Paiyann
31、oi”indicates thatthewordhasbeen shortenedasin .Itcan combinewith as whichis equivalenttoetcetera. 71 0E4E 007E “Yamakkan”iswritten overthefirstmember ofaconsonantcluster inoldtextstoindicate thatthetwo consonantsmustbe pronouncedasa consonantcluster.ISO11940:1998(E) ISO 8 No. Thai character Codeposi
32、tionof Thaicharacterin ISO/IEC106461 Romanized character Codeposition(s)of romanizedcharactersin ISO/IEC106461 Comments 72 0E4F 00A7 “Takai”or“Fong man”isusedatthe beginningofastanza inpoetryandalsothe beginningofa paragraphinoldtexts. “FongmanFannu” occursinoldertextsand canbeconside reda variantof
33、 . 73 01C0 “Angkhandiao”isused attheendofa sentence,andatthe endofastanzainold texts.Itisalsousedas amiddlesymbolin writingdatesinthe lunarcalendar,for example meaningWednesday, the15thday(full moon)ofthesixth lunarmonth. (Note:itlooksvery similarto , “Paiyannoi”in#70.) 74 0E5A 01C1 “Angkhankhu”isus
34、edto terminateaparagraphin oldtexts.Itcanalso combinewith , “Khomut”in#75as toterminatea story. 75 0E5B 00BB “Khomut”iswrittenat theendofastoryto indicateterminationin oldtexts.ISO ISO11940:1998(E) 9 No. Thai character Codepositionof Thaicharacterin ISO/IEC106461 Romanized character Codeposition(s)o
35、f romanizedcharactersin ISO/IEC106461 Comments 76 0E4D 030A “Nikkhahit”iswritten abovetherightmost shoulderofacharacter torepresentanang oransound,suchas pronounced ,andabove therightmostshoulder ofacharacteranda voweltorepresentan msound,suchas pronounced chumnum. 77 . 0E3A 0325 “Phinthu”iswritten
36、underasingle consonanttosignifya finalconsonantor underthefirstmember ofdoubleconsonants tosignifyaconsonant clusterinPalitexts . 78 0E50 0 0030 Zero 79 0E51 1 0031 One 80 0E52 2 0032 Two 81 0E53 3 0033 Three 82 0E54 4 0034 Four 83 0E55 5 0035 Five 84 0E56 6 0036 Six 85 0E57 7 0037 Seven 86 0E58 8 0
37、038 Eight 87 0E59 9 0039 NineISO11940:1998(E) ISO 10 AnnexA (normative) Principlesofconversion A.1Standardsonconversionofsystemsofwriting ThisInternationalStandardisoneofaseriesofInternationalStandards,dealingwiththeconversionofsystemsofwriting.T he aimofthisInternationalStandardandothersintheseries
38、istoprovideameansforinternationalcommunicationofwritten messagesinaformwhichpermitstheautomatictransmissionandreconstitutionofthesebymenormachines.Thesystemof conversion,inthiscase,mustbeunivocalandentirelyreversible. Thismeansthatnoconsiderationshouldbegiventophoneticandaestheticmattersnortocertain
39、nationalcustoms:allthese considerationsare,indeed,ignoredbythemachineperformingthefunction. TheadoptionofthisInternationalStandardforinternationalcommunicationleaveseverycountryfreetoadoptforitsownuse anationalstandardwhichmaybedifferent,onconditionthatitbecompatiblewiththeInternationalStandard.Thes
40、ystem proposedhereinshouldmakethispossibleandbeacceptabletointernationaluseifthegraphismsitcreatesaresuchthatthey maybeconvertedautomaticallyintothegraphismsusedinanystrictnationalsystem. ThisInternationalStandardmaybeusedbyanyonewhohasaclearunderstandingofthesystemandiscertainthatitcanbe appliedwit
41、houtambiguity.Theresultobtainedwillnotgiveacorrectpronunciationoftheoriginaltextinapersonsown languagebutitwillserveasameansoffindingautomaticallytheoriginalgraphismandthusallowanyonewhohasa knowledgeoftheoriginallanguagetopronounceitcorrectly.Similarly,onecanonlypronouncecorrectlyatextwrittenin,fo
42、r example,EnglishorPolish,ifonehasaknowledgeofEnglishorPolish. TheadoptionofnationalstandardscompatiblewiththisInternationalStandardwillpermittherepresentation,inan internationalpublication,ofthemorphemesofeachlanguageaccordingtothecustomsofthecountrywhereitisspoken.It willbepossibletosimplifythisrepresentationinordertotakeinto
