1、A Referencenumbe r ISO14722:1998 (E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14722 Firstedition 19981215 Mopedandmopedriderkinematics Vocabulary CinmatiquerelativeaucyclomoteuretsonconducteurVocabulaireISO14722:1998(E) ISO1998 Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedoruti
2、lizedinanyformorbyan ymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopyingandmicrofilm,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. InternationalOrganizationforStandardization Casepostale56 CH1211Genve20 Switzerland Internet isoiso.ch PrintedinSwitzerland ii Contents Page 1Scope 1 2Normativereferences
3、 . .1 3Steeringsystem .1 3.1Axisandanglesofthesteeringassembly . 1 3.2Dynamicquantitiesofthesteeringassembly 2 3.3Steeringcharacteristicsofthesteeringassembly 3 4Suspensionsystem .3 4.1Suspensiongeometry 3 4.2Suspensiondynamicrates . .4 5Tyresandwheels. 5 5.1Tyreaxissystemandvariables. 5 5.2Forcesap
4、pliedtotyresandtheircoefficients . 6 5.3Momentsappliedtotyres . .8 5.4Phenomenarelatedwithtyres. 8 6Basicprinciplesofaxissystemsandkinematics 8 6.1Axissystems. 8 6.2Horizontalaxissystems .9 6.3Componentandassemblyaxissystems 9 6.4Groundcontactaxes 9 6.5Mopedmassesandweightdistribution . 11ISO ISO147
5、22:1998(E) iii 6.6Momentsofinertia. . 11 6.7Motionvariables . 11 6.8Forces . . 15 6.9Moments 15 7Directionaldynamics. 16 7.1Controls . 16 7.2Controlmodes 16 7.3Mopedresponse . 17 7.4Steerproperties . . 18 7.5Stability 19 8Mopedmotioncharacteristics. . 19 9Aerodynamiccharacteristicsofthemopedridercom
6、bination . . 21 9.1Winds . 21 9.2Aerodynamicvariables 21 9.3Aerodynamicforces,momentsandcoefficients. 22 10Ridingposturesandbehaviours 23 11Tests . 24 11.1Constantenvironmentinfluence . 24 11.2Changeableenvironmentinfluence 25 11.3Othertests. 26 Bibliography 31ISO14722:1998(E) ISO iv Foreword ISO(th
7、eInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISO memberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISOtechnical committees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhas therighttoberep
8、resentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnongovernmental,in liaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnical Commission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization. InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesg
9、ivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part3. DraftInternationalStandardsadoptedbythetechnicalcommitteesarecirculatedtothememberbodiesforvoting. PublicationasanInternationalStandardrequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofthememberbodiescastingavote. InternationalStandardISO14722waspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC22, Ro
10、advehicles ,Subcommittee SC23, Mopeds.INTERNATIONALSTANDARD ISO ISO14722:1998(E) 1 MopedandmopedriderkinematicsVocabulary 1Scope 1.1 ThisInternationalStandarddefinesterms,symbolsandconventionsrelatedtomopedandmopedrider motionsandkinematicsandtothemodellingthereof. 1.2 Itdoesnotdealwithmethodsofmeas
11、urement,norwiththeunitsusedinreportingtheresults,norwith accuracy. 1.3 ThedefinitionsinthisInternationalStandardapplytotwowheeledmopedsasdefinedinISO3833. 1.4 ThisInternationalStandarddoesnotcoverroadmopedswhicharecontrolledbyapedestrianorwhichare usedforthecarriageofgoodstotheexclusionofpersons. 2N
12、ormative references Thefollowingnormativedocumentscontainprovisionswhich,throughreferenceinthistext,constituteprovisionsof thisInternationalStandard.Fordatedreferences,subsequentamendmentsto,orrevisionsof,anyofthese publicationsdonotapply.However,partiestoagreementsbasedonthisInternationalStandardar
13、eencouragedto investigatethepossibilityofapplyingthemostrecenteditionsofthenormativedocumentsindicatedbelow.For undatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthenormativedocumentreferredtoapplies.MembersofISOandIEC maintainregistersofcurrentlyvalidInternationalStandards. ISO3833:1977, RoadvehiclesTypesTermsan
14、ddefinitions. ISO6725:1981, RoadvehiclesDimensionsoftwowheeledmopedsandmotorcyclesTermsanddefinitions. 3Steering system 3.1 Axisandanglesofthesteeringassembly 3.1.1 steeraxis z H rotationalaxisofthesteeringassemblyforsteeringcontrolwhichcoincideswiththeaxisofthesteeringstemand withtheaxisofthesteeri
15、ngheadpipeISO14722:1998(E) ISO 2 3.1.2 steerangle d H angleofmotionofthesteeringassemblyaboutthe steeraxis (3.1.1)whichiszerowhenthefrontwheelplaneis paralleltothemopedlongitudinalplane 3.1.3 wheelsteerangle d W angleformedbytheintersectionwiththeroadsurfaceplaneofthemopedlongitudinalplaneandthefron
16、twheel plane 3.2 Dynamicquantitiesofthesteeringassembly 3.2.1 steeringvelocity d angularvelocityofthesprungpartofthesteeringassemblyaboutthe z f axis 3.2.2 steeringvelocityofthehandlebars d H angularvelocityofthehandlebarsaboutthe z H axis 3.2.3 steertorque torqueaboutthe steeraxis (3.1.1) 3.2.4 ste
17、erforce valueobtainedfromdividingthe steertorque (3.2.3)andtheeffectiverotationalradiusofthesteeringhandle NOTE Theeffectiverotationalradiusofthesteeringhandleisthedistancebetweenthe steeraxis (3.1.1)andthecentre pointofthesteeringhandlegripprojectedontheplaneperpendiculartothesteeraxis. 3.2.5 stead
18、ystatesteertorque torqueappliedtothesteeringhandleinordertomaintainthemotionofthemopedridercombinationinagivenstate NOTE Whenthemopedridercombinationisturning,thistorqueisclassifiedas positivesteertorque (3.2.5.1), neutral steertorque (3.2.5.2)or negativesteertorque (3.2.5.3). 3.2.5.1 positivesteert
19、orque steadystatesteertorque (3.2.5)appliedinthedirectionequaltothatinwhichthemopedridercombinationis turning 3.2.5.2 neutralsteertorque amountof steadystatesteertorque (3.2.5)equaltozero,requiredwhenthemopedridercombinationisturning 3.2.5.3 negativesteertorque steadystatesteertorque (3.2.5)appliedi
20、nthedirectionoppositetothatinwhichthemopedridercombinationis turningISO ISO14722:1998(E) 3 3.2.6 steadystatesteerforce valueobtainedfromdividingthe steadystatesteertorque (3.2.5)andtheeffectiverotationalradiusofthesteering handle 3.2.7 stiffnessofthesteeringassembly resistanceagainstthedeformationca
21、usedbytheloadsappliedtothesteeringassembly NOTE Therearetorsionalandbendingstiffnesses. 3.2.8 frictiontorqueofthesteeringassembly torqueaboutthe steeraxis (3.1.1)requiredtoinitiatethemotionofthesteeringassemblywhichdoesnotinclude thefrictionbetweenthetyreandtheroadsurface 3.2.9 dampingtorqueoftheste
22、eringassembly dampingtorqueaboutthe steeraxis(3.1.1)atacertain steeringvelocity(3.2.1)whichdoesnotincludethe dampingbetweenthetyreandtheroadsurface 3.2.10 momentofinertiaofthesteeringassembly momentofinertiaofthesteeringassemblyaboutthe steeringaxis (3.1.1)underdefinedloadconditions 3.3 Steeringchar
23、acteristicsofthesteeringassembly 3.3.1 steeringunderstationaryconditions steeringoperationofthemopedridercombinationunderstationaryconditions 3.3.2 countersteering positiveactiononthesteeringhandleinordertocompensate(cancelout)thechangeinthestateofthemoped 3.3.3 disturbedsteer veryshortandquickrotat
24、ionofthesteeringhandlecausedbyanoutsidedisturbance 3.3.4 lossofcontrolinsteering uncontrollablerotationofthesteeringhandlecausedbyadisturbance 4Suspension system 4.1Suspension geometry 4.1.1 wheelplane centreplaneofthewheelwhichisperpendiculartothewheelspinaxis 4.1.2 wheelcentre intersectionofthewhe
25、elspinaxisandthe wheelplane (4.1.1) 4.1.3 frontandrearwheelalignment positionofthefrontandtherearwheelplanesrelativetosomereferenceframeplanesISO14722:1998(E) ISO 4 4.1.4 steeringsystemalignment relationbetweenthewheel(s)andthebodyortheroadsurface NOTE Thistermisoftenappliedtothe forkoffset (4.1.8),
26、 castor(4.1.7), castorangle (4.1.6). 4.1.5 alignmentvariation displacementsanddeformationsofthesuspensionsystemcausedbyforcesappliedtothewheels 4.1.6 castorangle t SeeISO6725:1981,6.12. 4.1.7 castor SeeISO6725:1981,6.11. 4.1.8 forkoffset distancebetweenthesteeringshaftcentrelineandthefrontwheelspina
27、xis 4.1.9 verticalwheeltravel verticaldistancebetweenthewheelspinaxispositionwhenthesuspensionisfullystretchedandwhenitisfully compressedaccordingtothemanufacturersindication 4.1.10 springand/ordamperstroke displacementbetweenthespringand/ordamperunitpositionswhenfullystretchedandwhenfullycompressed
28、 accordingtothemanufacturersindication 4.2 Suspensiondynamicrates 4.2.1 suspensionrate increaseofgroundcontactingloadnecessarytoapproximatethewheelspinaxisandthesprungmassprojectedon theverticallinepassingthroughthewheelcentrebytheunitdistanceunderthedesignatedload 4.2.2 riderate increaseofgroundcon
29、tactingloadnecessarytoapproximatetheroadplaneandthesprungmassprojectedonthe verticallinepassingthroughthewheelcentrebytheunitdistanceunderthedesignatedload 4.2.3 linkratioofspringand/ordamper ratioofthe verticalwheeltravel (4.1.9)andthe springand/ordamperstroke (4.1.10) NOTE1 Thelinkratiocanbemoreor
30、lessthan1,dependingonthelocationandthewayofgeometricallinkingofthespring and/ordamperinrelationtothepositionofthewheelaxis. NOTE2 Thelinkratiocanbeafunctionofthewheeltravel. 4.2.4 dampingcharacteristics relationbetweenthedampingforceoccurringatthedamperunitandthedamperpistonspeed NOTE Thesignisposit
31、ivewhenthedamperiscompressed;itisnegativewhenthedamperisstretched.ISO ISO14722:1998(E) 5 5 Tyresandwheels SeeFigure1. 5.1 Tyreaxissystemandvariables 5.1.1 conventionalcentreoftyrecontact intersectionofthewheelplaneandtheverticalprojectionofthespinaxisofthewheelontotheroadplane 5.1.2 geometricalcentr
32、eoftyrecontact geometricalcentreofthecontactareabetweenthetyreandtheroadplane 5.1.3 effectivecentreoftyrecontact centreofpressuresinthecontactareaofthetyreandtheroadplane NOTE1 Whenthewheeliscambered,theeffectivecentreoftyrecontactcanbedisplacedinthedirectionofthecamber. NOTE2 The effective centre o
33、f tyre contact may not be the geometricalcentreoftyrecontact(5.1.2)areadueto distortionofthetyreproducedbyappliedforces. 5.1.4 camberangle e anglebetweentheverticalandthewheelplane 5.1.5 tyreslipangle a anglebetweenthe x t axisandthedirectionofwheeltravelinthe conventionalcentreoftyrecontact (5.1.1)
34、 SeeFigure2. 5.1.6 slipratio S driving S = - uu u tx cos tc tc a 5.1.7 slipratio S braking S = - uu u tx cos cos tc tx a a where u tx istheforwardvelocityoftheconventionalcentreofthewheel; u tc istheperipheralvelocityofthe conventionalcentreoftyrecontact (5.1.1)inreferencetothecentreof thewheel; a i
35、sthe tyreslipangle (5.1.5).ISO14722:1998(E) ISO 6 5.2 Forcesappliedtotyresandtheircoefficients 5.2.1 tyreverticalload z t componentoftheforceappliedfromtheroadplanetothetyre 5.2.2 tyrelateralforce y t componentoftheforceappliedfromtheroadplanetothetyre 5.2.3 tyrelongitudinalforce x t componentofthef
36、orceappliedfromtheroadplanetothetyre 5.2.4 tyreverticalstiffness variationintheverticalloadrequiredtoshiftthedistancebetweenthe conventionalcentreoftyrecontact (5.1.1) andthe wheelcentre (4.1.2)intheverticaldirectionbythelength,whenthe camberangle (5.1.4)iszero 5.2.5 tyrelateralstiffness variationin
37、the tyrelateralforce (5.2.2)requiredtovarythe wheelcentre (4.1.2)inthe y t directionbythelength relativetothesupportingsurface,whenthe camberangle (5.1.4)iszeroandaspecified tyreverticalload (5.2.1) isapplied 5.2.6 drivingforce positive tyrelongitudinalforce (5.2.3)causedbyapplicationofdrivingtorque
38、inthe x t direction 5.2.7 brakingforce negative tyrelongitudinalforce (5.2.3)causedbyapplicationofbrakingtorqueinthe y t direction 5.2.8 conicityforce tyrelateralforce (5.2.2)whichchangessignwithrespectthe horizontaltyreaxissystem (6.2.2)withachange indirectionofrotationwhenthe tyreslipangle (5.1.5)
39、andthe camberangle (5.1.4)arezero 5.2.9 plysteerforce tyrelateralforce (5.2.2)whichdoesnotchangesignwithrespecttothe horizontaltyreaxissystem (6.2.2)with achangeindirectionofrotationwhenthe tyreslipangle (5.1.5)andthe camberangle (5.1.4)arezero 5.2.10 camberforce camberthrust tyrelateralforce (5.2.2
40、)appliedtothetyrehavingsome camberangle (5.1.4)whenthe tyreslipangle (5.1.5)is zeroandthe plysteerforce (5.2.9)and conicityforce (5.2.8)havebeensubtracted 5.2.11 corneringforce horizontalcomponent,inthedirectionperpendiculartothedirectionofwheeltravel,oftheforceappliedfromthe roadplanetothewheelhavi
41、ngsome tyreslipangle (5.1.5)whenthe camberangle (5.1.4)iszero SeeFigure2.ISO ISO14722:1998(E) 7 5.2.12 tyresideforce tyrelateralforce (5.2.2)whenthe camberangle (5.1.4)iszeroandthe plysteerforce (5.2.9)and conicityforce (5.2.8)havebeensubtracted SeeFigure2. 5.2.13 tractiveforce componentofthetyrefor
42、cevectorinthedirectionofwheeltravelofthe effectivecentreoftyrecontact (5.1.3),is equaltothe tyrelateralforce (5.2.2)timesthesineofthe tyreslipangle (5.1.5)plusthe tyrelongitudinalforce (5.2.3)timesthecosineofthe tyreslipangle (5.1.5) 5.2.14 dragforce negative tractiveforce (5.2.13) SeeFigure2. 5.2.1
43、5 rollingresistance forceoppositetothedirectionofwheelheadingmainlyresultingfromdeformationofarollingtyre 5.2.16 rollingresistancecoefficient ratiobetweentherollingresistanceandthe tyreverticalload (5.2.1) 5.2.17 camberstiffness rateofchangeof tyrelateralforce (5.2.2)withrespecttothechangein camberangle (5.1.4),usuallyevaluatedat zerocamberangle andatzero tyreslipangle (5.1.5) 5.2.1
