1、 Reference number ISO 19018:2004(E) ISO 2004INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19018 First edition 2004-07-01 Ships and marine technology Terms, abbreviations, graphical symbols and concepts on navigation Navires et technologie maritime Termes, abrviations, symboles graphiques et concepts relatifs la naviga
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5、ess given below. ISO 2004 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs
6、 member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2004 All rights reservedISO 19018:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved iiiContents
7、 Page Foreword iv 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Special units in maritime navigation. 2 4 Reference directions. 2 4.1 North directions 2 4.2 Dead ahead direction 3 5 Course, heading, track, speed. 3 5.1 Course, heading 3 5.2 Track. 4 5.3 Speed 4 6 Bearings. 5 7 Corrections 5 8 Influence of
8、wind and current 6 8.1 Wind 6 8.2 Leeway and drift triangle 7 9 Geographical coordinates, positions, lines, graphical symbols . 8 9.1 Geographical coordinates 8 9.2 Positions and lines . 10 9.3 Graphical symbols 11 10 Waypoint navigation. 11 11 Terms of time. 12 11.1 Universal terms of time 12 11.2
9、Terms concerning time for navigation use 13 12 Astronomical navigation 13 12.1 Celestial coordinates, points, lines and angles on the celestial sphere. 13 12.2 Great and small circles. 14 12.3 Altitudes and angular distances on the celestial sphere 15 12.4 Sight reduction 16 12.5 Symbols of celestia
10、l bodies and sextant altitudes 17 13 Depth of water and tides 18 14 Terrestrial magnetism. 20 15 Radar navigation. 21 16 LORAN-C 23 17 Global Positioning System (GPS) . 23 17.1 Dilution of precision . 23 Bibliography . 24 ISO 19018:2004(E) iv ISO 2004 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the Internation
11、al Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been e
12、stablished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standard
13、ization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for vo
14、ting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all su
15、ch patent rights. ISO 19018 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology, Subcommittee SC 9, General requirements. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19018:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1Ships and marine technology Terms, abbreviations, graphical symbols and concepts on n
16、avigation 1 Scope This International Standard contains terms, abbreviations and graphical symbols, which are to be used in maritime navigation on board ships. The application of abbreviations is useful, but they should not be used in mathematical formulae. Symbols for use in mathematical formulae ar
17、e mentioned, if necessary. Navigation is the process of position finding as well as planning, recording and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
18、dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 31-1, Quantities and units Part 1: Space and time IEC 60872-1, Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems Radar plotti
19、ng aids Part 1: Automatic radar plotting aids (ARPA) Methods of testing and required test results IEC 60872-2, Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems Radar plotting aids Part 2: Automatic tracking aids (ATA) Methods of testing and required test results IEC 60872-3, Maritime
20、 navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems Radar plotting aids Part 3: Electronic plotting aid (EPA) Performance requirements Methods of testing and required test results IEC 60936-1, Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems Radar Part 1: Shipborne radar Perform
21、ance requirements Methods of testing and required test results IEC 60936-2, Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems Radar Part 2: Shipborne radar for high-speed craft (HSC) Methods of testing and required test results ISO 19018:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reserved3 Special
22、 units in maritime navigation Item No. Name of unit International symbol for unit Definition, conversion factors and remarks 3.1 Unit of length 3.1.1 nautical mile NM in charts: M* 1 NM = 1 852 m. The nautical mile is not an SI-unit. This definition was adopted by the First International Hydro- grap
23、hic Conference in 1929 (see ISO 31-1). 3.1.2 cable, cable length cbl One-tenth of a nautical mile. 3.2 Unit of velocity and speed knot, knots kn NM 1 kn = 1 = 0,514 444m/s h(see ISO 31-1 and Chart INT 1) Velocity is a vector quantity, whereas speed is a scalar having magnitude only. 3.3 Unit of angl
24、e 3.3.1 degree 1= r a d 180 3.3.2 minute 1 1 = 60 (see ISO 31-1) In maritime navigation, angles should be specified in degrees, minutes and decimals of minutes (example: write 17 40,25 not 17 40 15“). * Symbol M is to be used in Charts according to the “Chart Specifications of the IHO” which came in
25、to force at the XIIth International Hydrographic Conference 1982 in Monaco. 4 Reference directions 4.1 North directions North directions are horizontal reference directions. Item No. Name of the term Abbre- viation Definition, remarks 4.1.1 true north TN Northerly direction of the meridian (see 9.1.
26、12). 4.1.2 magnetic north MN Northerly direction of the horizontal component of the earths magnetic field (see 14.2). 4.1.3 compass north CN Northerly direction of the needle or zero-index of a magnetic compass. 4.1.4 gyro north GyN Northerly direction indicated by the gyro-compass.ISO 19018:2004(E)
27、 ISO 2004 All rights reserved 34.2 Dead ahead direction Dead ahead direction is the direction ahead of the ships fore-and-aft line. 5 Course, heading, track, speed 5.1 Course, heading Course (CSE) and heading (HDG) are angles, measured in the horizontal plane from one of the reference directions spe
28、cified in Clause 4, counted clockwise from 000 through 360, written as three-digit numbers. In radar navigation, the abbreviations CRS for course and HDG for heading are preferred. Item No. Name of the term Abbre- viation Definition, remarks 5.1.1 true course, course to steer TC T CRS CTS The direct
29、ion, in which the ship is intended to be steered, defined by the angle between the meridian through its position and the fore-and-aft line of the ship, expressed in angular units from true north (000). 5.1.2 true heading TH T HDG Actual direction in which the longitudinal axis of the ship is pointed
30、, defined by the angle between the meridian through its position and the fore-and- aft line of the ship, expressed in angular units from true north (000). 5.1.3 magnetic course MC M CRS The direction, in which the ship is intended to be steered, defined by the angle between the magnetic meridian (se
31、e 14.4) through its position and the fore-and-aft line of the ship, expressed in angular units from magnetic north (000). 5.1.4 magnetic heading MH M HDG Actual direction in which the longitudinal axis of the ship is pointed, defined by the angle between the magnetic meridian through its position an
32、d the fore-and-aft line of the ship, expressed in angular units from magnetic north (000). 5.1.5 compass course CC C CRS The direction, in which the ship is intended to be steered, defined by the angle between compass north (see 4.1.3) and the fore-and-aft line of the ship, expressed in angular unit
33、s from compass north (000). 5.1.6 compass heading CH C HDG Actual direction in which the longitudinal axis of the ship is pointed, defined by the angle between compass north and the fore-and-aft line of the ship, expressed in angular units from compass north (000). 5.1.7 gyro course GyC Gy CRS The d
34、irection, in which the ship is intended to be steered, defined by the angle between gyro north (see 4.1.4) and the fore-and-aft line of the ship, expressed in angular units from gyro north (000). 5.1.8 gyro heading GyH GY HDG Actual direction in which the longitudinal axis of the ship is pointed, de
35、fined by the angle between gyro north and the fore-and-aft line of the ship, expressed in angular units from gyro north (000). 5.1.9 course through water CTW Direction of the ships movement through the water, defined by the angle between the meridian through its position and the direction of the shi
36、ps movement through the water, expressed in angular units from true north. ISO 19018:2004(E) 4 ISO 2004 All rights reservedItem No. Name of the term Abbre- viation Definition, remarks 5.1.10 course of advance, course to make good COA Direction from the ships last fix (see 9.2.5) to the next estimate
37、d position (see 9.2.3), expressed in angular units from true north. 5.1.11 course over ground COG Direction of the ships movement relative to the earth, measured on board the ship, expressed in angular units from true north. 5.1.12 course made good CMG Rhumb-line direction (see 9.2.11) between two f
38、ixes (see 9.2.5). 5.2 Track The term “track” is used a) as the path of voyage over the ground (ground track) or through the water (water track) as plotted in the chart, expressed in angular units from true north (000) clockwise through 360; must distinguish rhumb-line track (see 9.2.11) and great-ci
39、rcle track (see 9.2.9), b) as the path of radar-targets on a plan position indicator (see 15.4). Item No. Name of the term Abbre- viation Definition, remarks 5.2.1 intended water track WT Intended path of the ships movement through the water. 5.2.2 water track WAT TRK Actual path of the ships moveme
40、nt through the water. 5.2.3 intended ground track GT Intended path of the ships movement over the ground. 5.2.4 ground track GND TRK Actual path of the ships movement relative to the earth. 5.2.5 track made good TMG Track between two fixes (see 9.2.5). 5.3 Speed Item No. Name of the term Abbre- viat
41、ion Definition, remarks 5.3.1 speed SPD Own ships speed in dead ahead direction (see 4.2) produced by machine or sail. 5.3.2 speed through the water STW Speed of the ship relative to the water surface. 5.3.3 speed of advance, speed to make good SOA Estimated speed of the ship relative to the earth.
42、5.3.4 speed over the ground SOG Speed of the ship relative to the earth, measured on board the ship. 5.3.5 speed made good SMG Speed of the ship between two fixes. ISO 19018:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 56 Bearings Bearing (BRG) is an angle measured in the horizontal plane from one of the re
43、ference directions specified in Clause 4, measured clockwise from 000 through 360 written as three-digit numbers. In radar navigation, the abbreviation BRG for bearing is preferred. Item No. Name of the term Abbre- viation Definition, remarks 6.1 true bearing TB T BRG Angular distance from true nort
44、h (000) to the object, the direction of the electronic bearing line (see 15.2.4) on a plan postition indicator (PPI). 6.2 magnetic bearing MB Angular distance from magnetic north (000) to the object. 6.3 compass bearing CB Angular distance from compass north (000) to the object. 6.4 gyro bearing GyB
45、 Gy BRG Angular distance from gyro north (000) to the object, the direction of the electronic bearing line (see 15.2.4) on a plan postition indicator (PPI). 6.5 relative bearing RB R BRG Angular distance from the ships dead ahead direction (see 4.2) to the object, on a plan position indicator from t
46、he heading line (see 15.2.3) to the electronic bearing line (see 15.2.4). With the addition “right” (starboard) or “left” (port), semicircle counting from 000 through 180 is allowed. 7 Corrections The numerical value of a correction is the best estimate which can be made of the difference between th
47、e true and the measured value of a parameter. The sign is such that a correction which is to be added to an observed reading is taken as positive. Item No. Name of the term Abbre- viation Definition, remarks 7.1 magnetic variation MAG VAR Angle between the geographic and the magnetic meridians (see
48、9.1.12 and 14.4) at any place of the earth, also called magnetic declination, from true north to magnetic north eastwards named E (sign plus), westwards named W (sign minus). 7.2 deviation DEV Angle between the magnetic meridian (see 14.4) and the axis of a compass card, expressed in degrees east or
49、 west to indicate the direction in which the northern end of the compass card is offset from magnetic north when it is disturbed by local attraction, from magnetic north to compass north eastwards named E (sign plus), westwards named W (sign minus). 7.3 total compass error correction CE Sum of variation and deviation. Angle between true north and compass north, from true north eastwards named E (sign plus), westwards named W (sign minus). ISO 19018:2004(E) 6 ISO
