1、Information technology Information technology sustainability Energy efficient computing models Part 1: Guidelines for energy effectiveness evaluation Technologies de linformation Disponibilit des technologies de linformation Modles informatiss efficacit nergtique Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour lv
2、aluation de leffectivit nergtique TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 30132-1 First edition 2016-09-15 Reference number ISO/IEC TR 30132-1:2016(E) ISO/IEC 2016 ii ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO/IEC 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specif
3、ied, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO
4、s member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO/IEC TR 30132-1:2016(E) ISO/IEC TR 30132-1:2016(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 No
5、rmative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Abbreviated terms 1 5 Reference computing model for end-to-end energy effectiveness evaluation .2 5.1 Overview of computing models 2 5.2 Reference computing model and energy effectiveness evaluation 4 6 Holistic framework for evaluating the applicab
6、ility of energy effectiveness improving technologies . 6 6.1 Motivation . 6 6.2 Overview of holistic framework . 7 6.3 Considerations for evaluating the applicability 7 6.4 Examples of energy effectiveness evaluation . 7 7 Guidelines for determining the energy effectiveness of a computing model .11
7、Annex A (informative) State of affairs for improving energy effectiveness of computing systems 12 Annex B (informative) Survey for calculating power consumption of the components in computing models19 Bibliography .21 ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO/IEC TR 30132-1:2016(E) Fore
8、word ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
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10、the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval
11、 criteria needed for the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject o
12、f patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any t
13、rade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the
14、 Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 39, Sustainability for and by Information Technology. A list of all parts of the ISO/IEC 30132 series c
15、an be found on the ISO website.iv ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved ISO/IEC TR 30132-1:2016(E) Introduction The world is experiencing explosive growth of data from mobile client devices, cloud services, social networks, online television, the Internet of things, big data and from traditional enterpri
16、se computing. The growth of data has been accompanied by a growth in the energy usage and carbon footprint of IT along with increased costs. Much research has been performed regarding energy management for the last two decades, most focusing on the evaluating and improving energy efficiency of indiv
17、idual components or systems such as processors, memory, wireless networks base stations, laptops, supercomputers, data centres, handheld devices and so on. However, several disparate systems, or systems of systems, collectively use energy to accomplish a given task and satisfy service-level expectat
18、ions. Consider, for example, someone who takes a photo with a smartphone and posts it to a social network for their friends to view. Taking and transmitting the photo consumes energy from the smartphone while the data transfer, processing and storage consumes energy too. Likewise, when friends view
19、the photo, that activity will consume additional energy. To improve energy effectiveness, it is necessary to consider the end-to-end energy use of a task or service involving multiple systems. The ISO/IEC 30132 series provides guidelines for the end-to-end evaluation of energy effectiveness of a ref
20、erence computing model and suggestions for determining the energy effectiveness of a computing model. This document comprises guidelines for energy effectiveness evaluation, including a reference computing model that includes end-to-end data transfer, processing and storage. ISO/IEC 2016 All rights
21、reserved v Information technology Information technology sustainability Energy efficient computing models Part 1: Guidelines for energy effectiveness evaluation 1 Scope This document establishes guidelines for improving the energy effectiveness for computing models. Specifically, this document provi
22、des a reference computing model for evaluating end-to-end energy effectiveness, a holistic framework for evaluating the applicability of energy effectiveness improving technologies, and guidelines for evaluating energy effectiveness. 2 Normative references There are no normative references in this d
23、ocument. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 13273-1 and the following apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at http:/ /www.electropedia
24、.org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:/ /www.iso.org/obp/ 3.1 energy effectiveness end-to-end total amount of data transferred, processed and stored per unit energy of a computing model 4 Abbreviated terms ARP address resolution protocol BNG broadband network gateway DHCP dynamic ho
25、st configuration protocol DSL digital subscriber loop DSLAM DSL access multiplexer FTTN fibre-to-the-node FTTP fibres-to-the-premises TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 30132-1:2016(E) ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved 1 ISO/IEC TR 30132-1:2016(E) HSPA high speed packet access ICMP internet control message
26、protocol ICT information and communication technology ISP internet service provider NIC network interface card OLT optical line terminal ONU optical network unit PON passive optical network PtP point-to-point QoS quality of service UMTS universal mobile telecommunications system WDM wavelength-divis
27、ion multiplexing 5 Reference computing model for end-to-end energy effectiveness evaluation 5.1 Overview of computing models This subclause provides a survey of trends for various computing models. In the traditional client-server computing model, clients are connected to servers via networks such a
28、s the Internet. In this paradigm, a server is a computer system that selectively shares its resources, whereas a client is a computer that initiates requests to a server in order to use its resources. However, the emergence of new computing models such as cloud computing and the Internet of things,
29、along with new devices such as mobile phones, tablets, wearables and Internet connected sensors introduce new considerations for both computing models and determining energy effectiveness. Additionally, data is now transported over traditional wired networks and over high- and low-speed wireless net
30、works. Some client devices only support wireless networks. Energy effectiveness has traditionally been viewed on a per device-category basis, but now it is important to look at energy effectiveness from an end-to-end perspective that includes all the devices, sub-systems and software that delivers a
31、 given set of functionalities (also known as a service). New paradigms for the creation and use of data also affect energy effectiveness end-to-end. For example, many users have their data on multiple devices and synchronization between client devices and servers has become common practice. This mea
32、ns the same data may reside on multiple devices. On the other hand, some applications retrieve and display data on the client device only as needed. This scenario increases loads on networks, servers and storage, which may increase energy consumption. The shift to mobile client devices and the shift
33、 to cloud computing, along with increases in the total number of connected devices have driven a dramatic increase in the number of data centres and faster, higher capacity networks with a corresponding increase in energy use, while client devices continue to improve their energy effectiveness. Cust
34、omer expectations for highly available, responsive services may cause servers, storage and networking equipment to stay at high power states longer, possibly conflicting with power management schemes and energy effectiveness goals. New technologies such as push notifications also increase data and e
35、nergy use across systems.2 ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved ISO/IEC TR 30132-1:2016(E) Therefore, energy effectiveness assessments should identify all of the energy consuming components in the computing model. The energy effectiveness of networks is calculated using manufacturers data on equipment e
36、nergy consumption for a range of typical types of equipment in networks. The manufacturers data can include the amount of energy consumption in various states of equipment such as idle, active and fully utilized state. This approach enables an overall model of network power consumption to be constru
37、cted and provides a platform for predicting the growth in power consumption as the number of users and access rate per user increase 23 . Figure 1 shows a high level representation of the network model of the Internet. In Figure 1, the Internet is segmented into three major components: access networ
38、k, metro network and core network with data centres. The model is an abstract representation of the Internet and, as such, does not include much of the fine detail of the Internets true structure and topology. The model does account for the typical hop count for packets that traverse the Internet 24
39、 . The refinement to include a more realistic representation of the Internets topology is ongoing. The access network connects individual users to their local exchanges. Some of the typical access network technologies, such as digital subscriber loop (DSL) to deliver packets through fixed-line telep
40、hone service, fibres-to-the-premises (FTTP) installations to provide shared passive optical network (PON) or a point-to-point (PtP) Ethernet connection. In a PON, a single fibre from the network node feeds one or more clusters of users by using a passive optical splitter. An optical line terminal (O
41、LT) is located at the local exchange to serve many access modems or optical network units (ONUs) located at each user. ONUs communicate with the OLT in a time division multiplexing, with the OLT assigning time slots to each ONU based on its relative demand. In a PtP access network, each ONU is direc
42、tly connected to the local exchange with a dedicated fibre to the exchange. In areas where the copper pairs are in good condition, a fibre-to-the-node (FTTN) technology may be used. This technology uses a dedicated fibre from the local exchange to a DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM) located in a street
43、 cabinet close to a cluster of users. A high-speed copper pair technology, such as very-high-speed DSL, is used from the cabinet to the users. In areas where copper and fibre are not available or feasible, wireless can provide Internet access. Technologies for the wireless access include WiMAX, high
44、 speed packet access (HSPA), and universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). For wireless access, a wireless modem, located in the user, communicates with a local wireless base station which, in turn, is connected to the central office 23 . The central offices in a city are connected to each
45、other and to other cities via the metro/edge network. This network also provides connection points for Internet service providers (ISPs). The metro and edge network serves as the interface between the access and core networks. The metro and edge network includes edge Ethernet switches, broadband net
46、work gateway (BNG) and provider edge routers. Edge Ethernet switches concentrate traffic from a large number of access nodes uplink to two or more BNG routers. The edge switch connects to two or more BNG routers to provide redundancy. The BNG routers perform access rate control, authentication and s
47、ecurity services, and connect to multiple provider edge routers to increase reliability. The provider edge routers connect to the core of the network 23 . The core network comprises a small number of large routers in major population centres. These core routers perform all the necessary routing and
48、also serve as the gateway to neighbouring core nodes. The core routers of any one network are often highly meshed, but only have few links to the networks of other providers. High-capacity wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) fibre links interconnect these routers and connect to networks of other o
49、perators 23 . ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved 3 ISO/IEC TR 30132-1:2016(E) Figure 1 High-level network structure for the Internet 23 5.2 Reference computing model and energy effectiveness evaluation Since there are many components in modern computing models and each has unique energy effectiveness characteristics, it is difficult to calculate the energy consumption of services. Therefore, this document uses a simplified generic reference computing model cons
