1、 Reference number ISO/TR 11225:2012(E) ISO 2012TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11225 First edition 2012-10-15 Space environment (natural and artificial) Guide to reference and standard atmosphere models Environnement spatial (naturel et artificiel) Guide pour les modles datmosphre standard et de rfrence ISO
2、/TR 11225:2012(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IS
3、O at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedISO/TR 11225:2012(E) ISO 201
4、2 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword . v Introduction vi 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 2 4 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 1986 2 5 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 2008 5 6 ISO reference atmospheres for aerospace use, 1982
5、 5 7 ISO standard atmosphere, 1975 . 8 8 NASA/GSFC monthly mean global climatology of temperature, wind, geopotential height and pressure for 0120 KM, 1988 9 9 NASA/MSFC global reference atmosphere model (GRAM-99), 1999 . 11 10 NASA/MSFC Earth global reference atmosphere model (Earth GRAM-07), 2007
6、. 15 11 US standard atmosphere, 1962 20 12 US standard atmosphere supplements, 1966 21 13 US standard atmosphere, 1976 22 14 International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), 2007 25 15 Exopheric hydrogen model, 1994 27 16 SHARC/SAMM atmosphere generator, SAG-2 (0-300 KM) 27 17 Proposed international tropic
7、al reference atmosphere, 1987 30 18 Referenced atmosphere for Indian equatorial zone from surface to 80 km, 1985 31 19 Reference model of the middle atmosphere of the southern hemisphere, 1987 32 20 China national standard atmosphere, 1980 34 21 ISO middle atmosphereglobal model at altitudes between
8、 30 km and 120 km, and wind model at altitudes above 30 km, 1996 . 35 22 A new reference middle atmosphere program model atmosphere, 1985 36 23 AFGL atmospheric constituent profiles (0120 km), 1986 37 24 AFGL extreme envelopes of climatic elements up to 80 km, 1973 39 25 AFGL profiles of temperature
9、 and density based on 1- and 10-percent extremes in the stratosphere and troposphere, 1984 . 41 26 AFGL global reference atmosphere from 18 to 80 km, 1985 . 42 27 Extensions to the CIRA reference models for middle atmosphere ozone, 1993 43 28 Update to the stratospheric nitric acid reference atmosph
10、ere, 1998 . 44 29 Reference atmosphere for the atomic sodium layer (CIRA 2008) 44 30 Drag temperature model (DTM)-2000, thermospheric model, 2001 . 46 ISO/TR 11225:2012(E) iv ISO 2012 All rights reserved31 Earths upper atmosphere density model for ballistics support of flights of artificial Earth sa
11、tellites, 1985 48 32 Russian Earths upper atmosphere density model for ballistic support of the flight of artificial Earth satellites, 2004 49 33 Jacchia J70 static models of the thermosphere and exosphere with empirical temperature profiles, 1970 51 34 Jacchia J71 revised static models of the therm
12、osphere and exosphere with empirical temperature profiles, 1971 52 35 Jacchia J77 thermospheric temperature, density and composition: new models, 1977 .54 36 Jacchia-Bowman 2006 (JB2006) empirical thermospheric density model 55 37 Jacchia-Bowman 2008 (JB2008) empirical thermospheric density model 59
13、 38 NASA Marshall engineering thermosphere model, version 2.0 (MET-V2.0), 2002 65 39 NASA Marshall engineering thermosphere model version 2007 (MET-2007), 2007 .66 40 AFGL model of atmospheric structure, 70 to 130 km, 1987 69 41 NRLMSISE-00 thermospheric model, 2000 .70 42 US Air Force high accuracy
14、 satellite drag model (HASDM), 2004 72 43 Russian direct density correction method (DDCM) for computing near-real time corrections to an arbitrary Earth upper atmosphere density model, and for estimating the errors in an arbitrary Earth upper atmosphere density model, 2007 .75 44 Horizontal wind mod
15、el (HWM), 1993 79 45 Twenty-two range reference atmospheres, 2006 .81 46 Reference atmosphere for Edwards Air Force Base, California, annual, 1975 .85 47 Hot and cold reference atmospheres for Edwards Air Force Base, California, annual, 1975 .86 48 Hot and cold reference atmospheres for Kennedy Spac
16、e Center, Florida, annual, 1971 87 49 Reference atmosphere for Patrick Air Force Base, Florida, annual, 1963 .88 50 Reference atmosphere for Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, annual, 1971 .89 51 Hot and cold reference atmosphere for Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, annual, 1973 .89 52 NAS
17、A/MSFC Mars global reference atmospheric model (MARS-GRAM), 2001 90 53 NASA/MSFC Neptune global reference atmosphere model (NEPTUNE-GRAM), 2003 .92 54 NASA/MSFC Titan global reference atmosphere model (TITAN-GRAM), 2003 .94 55 NASA/MSFC Venus global reference atmosphere model (Venus-GRAM), 2003 .96
18、56 Venus international reference atmosphere (VIRA) structure and composition, surface to 3500 km, 1985 .98 57 Mars climate database (MCD), 2008 .99 58 Extra-terrestrial space environment: a reference chart, 2007 103 Annex A (informative) Glossary of acronyms . 106 ISO/TR 11225:2012(E) ISO 2012 All r
19、ights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subje
20、ct for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC
21、) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committe
22、es are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be h
23、eld responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 11225 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations. ISO/TR 11225:2012(E) vi ISO 2012 All rights reservedIntroduction Since the mid 19 thcentury there
24、has been considerable effort devoted to the development of standards and reference atmosphere models. The first “Standard Atmospheres” were established by international agreement in the 1920s. Later some countries, notably the United States, also developed and published Standard Atmospheres. The ter
25、m reference atmospheres is generally used to identify atmosphere models for specific geographical locations or globally. The proliferation of atmospheric models and the lack of documentation have hindered general knowledge of their availability as well as information on their relative strengths, wea
26、knesses, and limitations. The intent of this guide is to compile in one reference practical information about some of the known historical and available atmospheric models-those which describe the physical properties and chemical composition of the atmosphere as a function of altitude. The inclusion
27、 in this Guide of information on the various reference and standard atmosphere models is not meant to imply endorsement by ISO of the respective model. Also, inputs provided on the models were based on the information available at the time the entry was originally prepared. The included Earth and ot
28、her planetary models are those intended for general purpose or aerospace applications. The information provided, while deemed current at time of inclusion in the summary write-ups, may or may not still be current at the time of this version of the Guide is published. Therefore, the reader should fur
29、ther research the information before making decisions on usage of the model(s) of interest. The models extend to heights ranging from as low as the surface to as high as 4000 km. Models describing exclusively low altitude phenomena are not included. Possible examples of the latter are particulate ae
30、rosols or pollutants in the boundary layer and cloud properties as a function of altitude in the troposphere. Dynamical models such as the Earth Troposphere-Stratosphere General Circulation Models (GCM), the Thermosphere- Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM), an
31、d research reports on measurements made by satellite, aircraft, and ground systems of the atmosphere are also not included in this Technical Report. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11225:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1Space environment (natural and artificial) Guide to reference and standard atmosphe
32、re models 1 Scope This Technical Report provides guidelines for selected reference and standard atmospheric models for use in engineering design or scientific research. It describes the content of the models, uncertainties and limitations, technical basis, databases from which the models are formed,
33、 publication references, and sources of computer code where available for over seventy (70) Earth and planetary atmospheric models, for altitudes from surface to 4000 kilometers, which are generally recognized in the aerospace sciences. This standard is intended to assist aircraft and space vehicle
34、designers and developers, geophysicists, meteorologists, and climatologists in understanding available models, comparing sources of data, and interpreting engineering and scientific results based on different atmospheric models. This Technical Report summarizes the principal features of the models t
35、o the extent the information is available: Model content Model uncertainties and limitations Basis of the model Publication references Dates of development, authors and sponsors Model codes and sources The models are listed in the table of contents according to whether they are primarily global, mid
36、dle atmosphere, thermosphere, range, or regional (i.e., applying only to a specific geographic location). This division is admittedly somewhat arbitrary because many of the models embody elements of several of the categories listed. With few exceptions, there is no information on standard deviations
37、 from the mean values or frequencies of occurrence of the variables described by these models. This lack of information prohibits quantitative assessments of uncertainties, and is a serious deficiency in nearly all reference and standard atmospheric models. Recommendations for models to include in s
38、ubsequent revisions will be welcomed. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendment
39、s) applies. ISO 5878:1982, Reference atmospheres for aerospace use ISO 5878:1982/Add 1:1983, Reference atmospheres for aerospace use Addendum 1: Wind supplement ISO/TR 11225:2012(E) 2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedISO 5878:1982/Add 2:1983, Reference atmospheres for aerospace use Addendum 2: Air humidi
40、ty in the Northern Hemisphere ISO 5878:1982/Amd 1:1990, Reference atmospheres for aerospace use Amendment 1 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 reference atmospheres vertical temperature profiles for each latitude and season; atmo
41、sphere models for specific geographical locations or globally 3.2 mean sea level reference point for both geopotential and geometric altitudes 3.3 geopotential altitude point in atmosphere expressed in terms of its potential energy per unit mass (geopotential) at this altitude relative to sea level
42、4 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 1986 4.1 Model content The COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) provides empirical models of atmospheric temperature and density from 0 km to 2000 km as recommended by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). Since the early sixties, d
43、ifferent editions of CIRA have been published: CIRA 1961, CIRA 1965, CIRA 1972, and CIRA 1986. The Committee on Space Researchs CIRA 1986 Model Atmosphere consists of three parts: Part I: Models of the Thermosphere, Part II: Models of the Middle Atmosphere, and Part III: Models of Trace constituents
44、. Part II is similar in many respects to the NASA/GSFC Monthly Mean Climatology of Temperature, Wind, Geopotential Height and Pressure for 0-120 km. This model is described later in this volume. Part III (published in 1996) gives model information on ozone, water vapor, methane and nitrous oxide, ni
45、tric acid, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide and halogenated hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, stratospheric aerosols, atomic oxygen, and atomic hydrogen. Chapter 1 of Part I (ref 5.1) describes the empirical thermospheric model which is based on the Mass Spectrometer-Incoherent Scatter (MSIS) 1986 model o
46、f Hedin (ref 5.6, 5.8). Like Hedins model, the altitude range is 90-2000 km, however, the models presented in Part I should be used exclusively for applications above 120 km; Part II should be exclusively used below 90 km while the “merging models” contained in Part II should be used for application
47、s between 90 and 120 km. The atmospheric parameters yielded by the model are temperature, density, and composition, but not neutral winds. A large number of representative tables, coefficients, and the FORTRAN program are listed in the appendices of this referenced volume. With the aid of the progra
48、m and the coefficients, representative thermospheric parameters can be generated for all locations, Universal Time and seasons, and for a very wide range of solar and geomagnetic activity. Chapter 2 presents theoretical thermospheric models attributed to Rees and Fuller-Rowell (ref 5.7). These model
49、s reveal the detailed interrelationships between thermospheric structure (i.e., temperature and density), chemistry, and dynamics for simplified models of solar and geomagnetic forcing. A set of initial case studies using a coupled polar ionosphere/global thermosphere model is also presented, which demonstrates the major interactions between the thermosphere and ionosphere. ISO/TR 11225:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3Part I also contains five specialized chapters which review the major empirical contributions to o
