1、 Reference number ISO/TR 22411:2008(E) ISO 2008TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22411 First edition 2008-09-01 Ergonomics data and guidelines for the application of ISO/IEC Guide 71 to products and services to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities Donnes dergonomie et lignes direct
2、rices pour lapplication du Guide ISO/CEI 71 aux produits et services afin de rpondre aux besoins des personnes ges et de celles ayant des incapacits ISO/TR 22411:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed
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7、Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedISO/TR 22411:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword .v Introductionvi 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definitions .1 4 General considerations.3 4
8、.1 Need for technical guidance in implementing ISO/IEC Guide 71 in individual standards.3 4.2 Approaches for achieving accessibility3 4.3 Human abilities data4 5 Using this Technical Report.4 6 Developing standards Issues to consider during the standards developing process .4 6.1 General .4 6.2 Defi
9、nition of the standardization project 4 6.3 Composition of the drafting committee 5 6.4 Content of the standard5 6.5 Review process .6 6.6 Publication of the standard 6 7 Resolution of contradictory requirements6 8 Factors to consider with design guidelines .7 8.1 General .7 8.2 Alternative format7
10、8.3 Location and layout of information and controls and positioning of handles .17 8.4 Lighting levels and glare 20 8.5 Colour and contrast 22 8.6 Size and style of font and symbols in information, warnings and labelling of controls .24 8.7 Clear language in written or spoken information 27 8.8 Grap
11、hical symbols and illustration .31 8.9 Loudness and pitch of non-spoken communication.33 8.10 Slow pace of information presentation .33 8.11 Distinctive form of product, control or packaging.35 8.12 Ease of handling36 8.13 Expiration date marking50 8.14 Contents labelling and warning of allergens51
12、8.15 Surface temperature52 8.16 Accessible routes52 8.17 Logical process .58 8.18 Surface finish.61 8.19 Non-allergenic/toxic materials .62 8.20 Acoustics63 8.21 Fail-safe 64 8.22 Ventilation 65 8.23 Fire safety of materials .65 9 Ergonomic data on human abilities and the consequences of impairment6
13、5 9.1 General .65 9.2 Sensory abilities 66 9.3 Physical abilities96 9.4 Cognitive abilities125 ISO/TR 22411:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reserved9.5 Allergies131 Annex A (informative) Principles of accessible design.134 Annex B (informative) Data on spectral sensitivity of the eye as a function of
14、 age and application.136 Annex C (informative) Visual acuity data as a function of viewing distance for different age groups.140 Annex D (informative) Span of fundamental colours 144 Annex E (informative) Cases of allergy.148 Bibliography 154 ISO/TR 22411:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved vForewo
15、rd ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technic
16、al committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of el
17、ectrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to t
18、he member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Stan
19、dard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful.
20、 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 22411 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics. ISO/TR 22411:2008(E) vi ISO
21、 2008 All rights reservedIntroduction This Technical Report is intended to help standards developers understand the accessible design principles of ISO/IEC Guide 71 and implement them into individual standards by providing design considerations and ergonomic data related to human abilities. While th
22、is Technical Report was written primarily for standards developers, it is recognized that much of the information is technical in form and committees are advised to seek technical advice on the interpretation of such data where relevant expertise is not available within the committee. In addition to
23、 its application by standards developers, this Technical Report could also be useful to manufacturers, designers, service providers, educators and others. ISO/IEC Guide 71 stresses the concept that taking care of the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities is important in developing rel
24、evant International Standards. The underlying idea is that products, services and environments encountered in all aspects of daily life and intended for the consumer market and the workplace should be designed to be accessible for all people including those with special requirements, such as older p
25、ersons and persons with disabilities. This idea, called accessible design, has been spreading all over the world. Some regional and national standard bodies have adopted the ISO/IEC Guide 71 as their own standard or guidance. ISO/IEC Guide 71 has successfully addressed the importance of being aware
26、of the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities. For seven design fields it provides structured tables of factors and human abilities that need to be considered in designing products and services. Its tables are intended to also direct the attention of standards developers to these facto
27、rs when they draft or revise standards. However, ISO/IEC Guide 71 does not exhaustively describe how to consider those factors or how to find solutions for them. What is required is to establish design methods for implementing the concept of accessible design into individual standards. The methods d
28、emand a wider range of knowledge on properties and ergonomic data of human abilities. Without such knowledge, better design for persons with special requirements will not be realized. Social and economic effects are expected from accessible design. In the social dimension, a greater number of indivi
29、duals including older persons and persons with disabilities will be able to be involved in social activities without any restriction in using products or enjoying services and environments. The economic effect is that products developed using accessible design can be purchased by a wider range of pe
30、ople, including older persons and those with disabilities, who are now a significant proportion of consumers with buying power. ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, has been involved in this challenging work, firstly with an ad hoc group and then with Working Group WG 2, Ergonomics for persons with special requi
31、rements, the result of which has been the development of this Technical Report, which also incorporates factors that do not appear in ISO/IEC Guide 71 where considered necessary. Nevertheless, these design considerations and human ability data are arranged in accordance with the structure of ISO/IEC
32、 Guide 71, for ease of reference. This Technical Report widens the scope of users as far as possible and is not limited to the 5th to 95th percentiles of working populations 1) . It constitutes a starting point from which to offer technical information for accessible design. It is not exhaustive and
33、 does not fully reflect the present state of knowledge and data for accessible design: while some of the design considerations are well established, others are still under development. 1) A percentile describes the percentage of people in a population group (e.g. 5 % or 95 %) for which the relation
34、to a certain body size is greater or smaller than the value given in each case. For more details, see ISO 7250. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22411:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1Ergonomics data and guidelines for the application of ISO/IEC Guide 71 to products and services to address the needs of
35、older persons and persons with disabilities 1 Scope This Technical Report presents ergonomics data and guidelines for applying ISO/IEC Guide 71 in addressing the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities in standards development. It provides: ergonomics data and knowledge about human abil
36、ities sensory, physical, cognitive abilities and allergies; guidance on the accessible design of products, services and environments. Each of its design considerations or recommendations is based on ergonomic principles that are necessary for making products, services and environments accessible to
37、older persons and those with disabilities. It is applicable to products, services and environments encountered in all aspects of daily life, as well as in the consumer market and workplace (herein, the term “products and services” is used to cover all these areas). While it does not provide techniqu
38、es for designing assistive devices, some of its provisions do, however, support interoperability with assistive technology. Conformity assessment of any international, regional or domestic standards is outside its scope. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for
39、 the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/IEC Guide 71:2001, Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and pers
40、ons with disabilities 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 accessible design design focused on principles of extending standard design to persons with some type of performance limitation to maximize the number of potential customer
41、s who can readily use a product, building or service, which may be achieved by designing products, services and environments that are readily usable by most users without any modification, making products or services adaptable to different users (adapting user interfaces), and ISO/TR 22411:2008(E) 2
42、 ISO 2008 All rights reserved having standardized interfaces to be compatible with special products for persons with disabilities. NOTE 1 Terms such as design for all, barrier-free design, inclusive design and transgenerational design are used similarly but in different contexts. NOTE 2 Accessible d
43、esign is a subset of universal design, where products and environments are usable by all persons, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. ISO/IEC Guide 71:2001, 3.2 3.2 assistive technology assistive device piece of equipment, product system, hardware,
44、 software or service that is used to increase, maintain or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities NOTE This can be acquired commercially off-the-shelf, modified or customized. The term includes technical aids for persons with disabilities. Assistive devices do not eliminate
45、 impairment but may lessen the difficulty an individual has in carrying out a task or activity in specific environments. ISO/IEC Guide 71:2001, 3.3 3.3 user person who interacts with the product, service or environment NOTE Adapted from ISO 9241-11:1998. ISO/IEC Guide 71:2001, 3.6 3.4 alternative fo
46、rmat different presentation which may make products and services accessible by the use of another mobility or sensory ability ISO/IEC Guide 71:2001, 3.8 3.5 impairment problem in body function or structure such as a significant deviation or loss which can be temporary due, for example, to injury, or
47、 permanent, slight or severe, and which can fluctuate over time, in particular, deterioration due to ageing NOTE 1 Body function can be a physiological or psychological function of a body system; body structure refers to an anatomic part of the body such as organs, limbs and their components, as def
48、ined by the World Health Organization (WHO), see Reference 42. NOTE 2 This definition differs from that in ISO 9999:2002 and, slightly, from the WHO definition, see Reference 43. ISO/IEC Guide 71:2001, 3.4 3.6 accessibility extent to which products, systems, services, environments or facilities can
49、be used by people from a population with the widest range of capabilities to achieve a specified goal in a specified context of use NOTE 1 Context of use includes direct use or use supported by assistive technology. NOTE 2 Term and definition adopted by TC 159 and first published in 2007. ISO/TR 22411:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 34 General considerations 4.1 Need for technical guidance in implementing ISO/IEC Guide 71 in individual standards ISO/IEC Guide 71 provides standards developers with guidance on
