1、 Reference number ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) ISO 2003TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 7861 First edition 2003-04-15 Road vehicles Injury risk curves for evaluation of occupant protection in frontal impact Vhicules routiers Courbes de risques de blessures pour valuer la protection des occupants en choc frontal ISO/T
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5、n below. ISO 2003 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member
6、body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2003 All rights reservedISO/TR 7861:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iiiContents Page
7、Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Injury risk curves 1 3.1 General. 1 3.2 Head injury risk curves. 1 3.3 Neck injury risk curves. 1 3.4 Thoracic injury risk curves 2 3.4.1 General. 2 3.4.2 Shoulder belt loading . 2 3.4.3 Distributed loading . 3 3.5 Lower extremity fra
8、cture curves . 3 3.5.1 Knee-thigh-hip fractures 3 3.5.2 Tibia shaft fractures 3 3.5.3 Ankle/foot fractures 3 Annex A (normative) Injury risk curves . 4 Bibliography . 16 ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwid
9、e federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that
10、 committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in ac
11、cordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard req
12、uires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majorit
13、y vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this
14、document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 7861 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 12, Passive safety crash protection systems. ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) ISO 2003 All right
15、s reserved vIntroduction A number of researchers have proposed injury risk curves for various dummy measurements, based on their analyses of published biomechanical data. These curves, summarized in this Technical Report, can be used by regulatory authorities as well as car manufacturers to set occu
16、pant protection levels based on the injury risks they believe are acceptable for the frontal collision being simulated. No limits are given because it is the view of ISO/TC 22 that the setting of performance levels is a responsibility for regulatory authorities. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 7861:2003(E)
17、ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1Road vehicles Injury risk curves for evaluation of occupant protection in frontal impact 1 Scope This Technical Report presents injury risk curves that can be used for injury risk assessment in the evaluation of occupant protection in road-vehicle frontal impact. The me
18、asurements were made on frontal-impact crash test dummies which present acceptable levels of biofidelity response in accordance with ISO/TR 12349-1 and ISO/TR 12349-2 and which are used in the frontal-impact test procedures of existing International Standards. 2 Normative references The following re
19、ferenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO TR 12349-1, Road vehicles Dummies for restraint system testin
20、g Part 1: Adult dummies ISO TR 12349-2, Road vehicles Dummies for restraint system testing Part 2: Child dummies 3 Injury risk curves 3.1 General All the injury risk curves, presented in Annex A, are shown plotted on normal probability graph paper. Values for mean value (denoted with a superscript d
21、ash over the parameter) and standard deviation ( ) for each risk curve are shown on the graphs. 3.2 Head injury risk curves Three head injury risk curves are given for forehead impacts. The bases for these curves are discussed by Prasad and Mertz 1and Mertz et al. 2, 3 . The risk of skull fracture a
22、s functions of 15 ms HIC (head impact criteria) and peak acceleration of the centre of gravity of the head are given in Figures A.1 and A.2, respectively. The risk of AIS (abbreviated injury scale) W 4 brain injury as a function of 15 ms HIC is given in Figure A.3. 3.3 Neck injury risk curves Three
23、normalized risk curves for AIS W 3 neck injury based on measurements made at the occipital condylar joint for tension-extension neck loading are given for CRABI and Hybrid III dummy families. These curves are based on the work described by Mertz et al. 4and Mertz and Prasad 5and include a factor for
24、 variation in failure stress as a function of age 5 . Figures A.4, A.5 and A.6 are the risk curves for peak normalized neck tension, peak extension moment and an index for the peak combination of tension and extension moment, respectively. Normalizing values for various dummy sizes are listed in the
25、 legends of the graphs and correspond to 3 %, 5 % and 2 % risks of AIS W 3 neck injury with minimum passive muscle tone, respectively. These normalizing values are the limit values for out-of-position airbag testing specified in FMVSS 208 20 . ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reservedThese
26、curves can also be used to estimate injury risk with various amounts of muscle pretension. The procedure for making such estimates is as follows. a) Determine the maximum values of each normalized function from the test data. b) Subtract from these values the values of loading assumed to be carried
27、by the muscles, or 1) neck tension, F T /F 3TT M 33 3 max FF F m FF F = 2) neck extension moment, M E /M 5EE M 55 5 max MM M m MM M = 3) combined tension and extension moment, N TEET M TE 22 2 max MF F Nm MF F =+ where F M , M Mare the maximum tension and extension moment due to pretensing of the ne
28、ck muscles; m is the fraction of the maximum passive muscle tensing assumed (0 u m u 1). These differences are used to estimate the injury risks from the curves of Figures A.4, A.5 and A.6. Mertz and Prasad 5provide estimates for the maximum values for tension and extension moment due to pretensioni
29、ng of the neck muscles for various sizes of dummies based on static strength tests. These values are given in Table A.1. No values are listed for the CRABI infant dummies because it is unreasonable to expect an infant to be aware of an impending collision. 3.4 Thoracic injury risk curves 3.4.1 Gener
30、al There are two types of thoracic loadings for which injury risk curves have been developed: a) shoulder belt loading with and without air bags; b) distributed thoracic loading such as is produced by air bags without belts. 3.4.2 Shoulder belt loading Mertz et al. 6correlated field accident observa
31、tions of thoracic injuries of occupants restrained with three-point belts with force-limiting shoulder belts to Hybrid III sternal deflections measured for the simulated accident conditions. These data were used to formulate the AIS W 3 thoracic injury risk curve of Figure A.7 as a function of Hybri
32、d III sternal deflection. This risk curve can be used whenever the torso is restrained by a shoulder belt, even if an air bag is part of the restraint system. Since the field accident data was not normalized for size of occupants, the curve overestimates the injury risk for the 50th percentile adult
33、 male at low risk levels. ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3Foret-Bruno et al. 7have done a correlation study of field accident observations of thoracic injuries of occupants restrained with three-point belts with force-limiting shoulder belts and head air bags and shoulder belt load
34、s measured in accidents. Figure A.8 is their risk curve for AIS W 3 thoracic injury as a function of shoulder belt load. To use this curve, the belt geometry shall be similar to the simulated tests. 3.4.3 Distributed loading Figure A.9 gives the injury risk curves for the AIS W 3 thoracic injuries.
35、The normalizing values which correspond to 5 % risk are given in the legend. No AIS W 3 risk curves are given for infants and children. This is because the low bending modulus of their ribs allows them to experience large sternal deflections without rib fractures which is the predominant. AIS = 3 th
36、oracic injury. Figure A.10 gives injury risk curves of Mertz et al. 4for AIS W 4 thoracic injuries for distributed chest loading, such as an air bag, as a function of normalized sternal deflection. Normalizing values which correspond to a 5 % risk for different dummy types are given on the graph. Th
37、e curve for AIS W 4 heart/lung injuries as a function of the rate of sternal risk compression that was developed by Mertz et al. 4is given in Figure A.11. These curves can be used with all dummy sizes since the internal organ stress level is dependent only on the rate of sternal compression and not
38、on size. Viano et al. 8hypothesized that heart/lung trauma would be caused by the product of the sternal deflection rate and the normalized sternal deflection: the viscous criterion, V C. Figure A.12 gives the risk curve of AIS W 4 heart/lung injury as a function of the viscous criterion. Normalizin
39、g values are not given for the CRABI family because these dummies are not instrumented to measure sternal compression. Caution must be used when using the viscous criterion since the instrumentation used to process the original biomechanical data lacked the required high frequency fidelity needed to
40、 obtain accurate V C values. 3.5 Lower extremity fracture curves 3.5.1 Knee-thigh-hip fractures The cadaver data summarized by Morgan et al. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16for knee impacts were analyzed using the Mertz-Weber technique 17to obtain a risk curve for kneethighhip fracture as a function of ax
41、ial compressive knee load, as shown in Figure A.13. 3.5.2 Tibia shaft fractures Nyquist et al. 18conducted three-point bending tests on the intact leg of 16 male specimens. Median rank analysis 19of the maximum bending moments at fracture gave the fracture risk curve shown in Figure A.14. 3.5.3 Ankl
42、e/foot fractures Crandall et al. 19conducted impact tests to the feet of 50 amputated cadaver lower limbs that produced fractures of the calcaneus, talus and malleroli, as well as ligamentous tears. These data were analyzed using the Mertz-Weber technique 17to obtain a risk curve for ankle or foot f
43、ractures, or both, as a function of the axial compressive tibia shaft load shown in Figure A.15. ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) 4 ISO 2003 All rights reservedAnnex A (normative) Injury risk curves Figure A.1 Risk of AIS W W W W 2 skull fracture as function of max. 15 ms HIC ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rig
44、hts reserved 5Figure A.2 Risk of AIS W W W W 2 skull fracture as function of the peak resultant acceleration of centre of gravity of head Figure A.3 Risk of AIS W W W W 4 brain injury as function of max. 15 ms HIC ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) 6 ISO 2003 All rights reservedDummy F 3 (N) CRABI - 12 mo. 780 HII
45、I - 3 yr. 1 130 HIII - 6 yr. 1 490 HIII - Sm. Fem 2 070 HIII - Mid. Male 3 290 HIII - Lg. Male 3 970 Figure A.4 Risk of AIS W W W W 3 neck injury for CRABI and Hybrid III dummy families as function of peak normalized neck tension ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 7Dummy M 5 (Nm) CRABI
46、 - 12 mo. 11 HIII - 3 yr. 17 HIII - 6 yr. 24 HIII - Sm. Fem 39 HIII - Mid. Male 77 HIII - Lg. Male 102 Figure A.5 Risk of W W W W 3 neck injury for CRABI and Hybrid III dummy families as function of peak normalized neck extension moment ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) 8 ISO 2003 All rights reservedDummy F 2 (N)
47、 M 2 (Nm) CRABI - 12 mo. 1 470 17,0 HIII - 3 yr. 2 130 26,8 HIII - 6 yr. 2 820 38,4 HIII - Sm. Fem 3 900 61,2 HIII - Mid. Male 6 200 122 HIII - Lg. Male 7 480 162 Figure A.6 Risk of AIS W W W W 3 neck injury for CRABI and Hybrid III dummy families as function of peak combined normalized neck extensi
48、on moment and tension ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 9Figure A.7 Risk of AIS W W W W 3 thoracic injury due to shoulder belt loading as function of peak Hybrid III sternal deflection Figure A.8 Risk of AIS W W W W 2 and W W W W 3 thoracic injury as function of peak shoulder belt loa
49、d ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) 10 ISO 2003 All rights reservedDummy c(mm) HIII - Sm. Fem 39,0 HIII - Mid. Male 47,7 HIII - Lg. Male 52,9 Figure A.9 Risk AIS W W W W 3 thoracic injury for distributed chest impacts as function of peak normalized sternal deflection ISO/TR 7861:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 11Dummy c(mm) CRABI - 12 mo. 31,2 HIII - 3 yr. 35,8 HIII - 6 yr. 39,7 HIII - Sm. Fem 52,5 H
