1、专升本英语（阅读）-试卷 65 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Part III Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are four passages. Each passage is followed by a number of comprehension questions. Read the passages and choose the best answer to each question. Then, mark
2、 your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.（分数：10.00）_Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea“. Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered s
3、ome theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant (不愿意) to go to sea to further his work. For most people the sea was remote , and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about
4、it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question “What is at the bottom of the oceans?“ had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形
5、状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (推测) were taken to
6、investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea. The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and
7、 when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition (考察), which lasted fo
8、r four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.（分数：10.00）(1).The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly_ .（分数：2.00）A.for ocean
9、ographic studiesB.for military purposesC.for business considerationsD.for investigating the depths of the oceans(2).It was_that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.（分数：2.00）A.the American NavyB.some early intercontinental travelersC.those who earned a living from the seaD.the company which
10、 proposed to lay an undersea cable(3).The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840 s was_.（分数：2.00）A.to make some sound experiments in the oceansB.to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC.to estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD.to measure the depths of two oceans(4).“Defied“ in
11、the 5th paragraph probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.doubtedB.gave proof toC.challengedD.agreed to(5).The passage is mainly about_.（分数：2.00）A.the beginnings of oceanographyB.the laying of the first undersea cableC.the investigation of ocean depthsD.the early intercontinental communicationPresident Coolidges
12、 statement, “The business of America is business,“ still points to an important truth todaythat business institutions have more prestige (威望) in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government. Why do business institutions possess this great prestige? One reason is tha
13、t Americans view business as being more firmly based on the ideal of competition than other institutions in society. Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive business institutions are respected. Competition is not only good in itself, it
14、 is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work is protected. Competition protects the freedom of the individual by ensuring that there is no monopoly (垄断) of power. In contrast to one, all-powerful government, many businesses com
15、pete against each other for profits. Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly. Where many businesses compete for the customers dollar, they cannot afford to treat them like inferiors or s
16、laves. A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly. Because business is competitive, many Americans believe that it is more supportive of freedom than government, even though government leaders are elected by the people and business leaders ar
17、e not. Many Americans believe, then, that competition is as important, or even more important, than democracy in preserving freedom. Competition in business is also believed to strengthen the ideal of equality of opportunity. Competition is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swi
18、ftest person regardless of his or her social class background. Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background. Business is therefore viewed as an expression of the idea of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic (贵族的) idea of i
19、nherited privilege.（分数：10.00）(1).The statement “The business of America is business“ probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.The business institutions in America are concerned with commerceB.Business problems are of great importance to the American governmentC.Business is of primary concern to AmericansD.America
20、 is a great power in world business(2).Americans believe that they can realize their personal values only_.（分数：2.00）A.when given equality of opportunityB.through doing businessC.by protecting their individual freedomD.by ways of competition(3).Who can benefit from business competition?（分数：2.00）A.Hon
21、est businessmen.B.Both businessmen and their customers.C.People with ideals of equality and freedom.D.Both business institutions and government.(4).Government is believed to differ strikingly from business in that government is characterized by_.（分数：2.00）A.its absolute control of powerB.its function
22、 in preserving personal freedomC.its role in protecting basic American valuesD.its democratic way of exercising leadership(5).It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes_.（分数：2.00）A.Americans are more ambitious than people in other countriesB.in many countries success often depends
23、on ones social statusC.American businesses are more democratic than those in other countriesD.business in other countries are not as competitive as those in AmericaThe appeal of advertising to buying motives can both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor
24、quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisements have appealed to peoples desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumers money.
25、 Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago, a brand of bread was offered to dieters(节食 者) with the message that there were fewer calories (热量单位，卡路里) in every slice. It turned out that the bread was not dietetic (适合于节食的), but just regular bread. There were fewer calories beca
26、use it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf. On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumers real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insu
27、rance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will benefit from the advertising. Each consumer must
28、evaluate her or his own situation. Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumers still control final buying decision.（分数：10.00）(1).Advertising can persuade the consumer t
29、o buy worthless product by_.（分数：2.00）A.stressing their high qualityB.convincing him of their low priceC.maintaining a balance between quality and priceD.appealing to his buying motives(2).The reason why the bread advertisement is misleading is that_.（分数：2.00）A.thin slices of bread could contain more
30、 caloriesB.the loaf was cut into regular slicesC.the bread was not genuine breadD.the total number of calories in the loaf remained the same(3).The passage tells us that_.（分数：2.00）A.sometimes advertisements really sell what the consumer needsB.advertisements occasionally force consumers into buying
31、things they dont needC.the buying motives of consumers are controlled by advertisementsD.fire insurance is seldom a worthwhile investment(4).It can be inferred from the passage that a smart consumer should_.（分数：2.00）A.think carefully about the benefits described in the advertisementsB.guard against
32、the deceiving nature of advertisementsC.be familiar with various advertising strategiesD.avoid buying products that have strong emotional appeal(5).The passage is mainly about_.（分数：2.00）A.how to make a wise buying decisionB.ways to protect the interests of the consumerC.the positive and negative asp
33、ects of advertisingD.the function of advertisements in promoting salesIn the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified thr
34、ough learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning“. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical condit
35、ioning that a child learns to associates his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called “operant conditioning“. This occurs when an individual lear
36、ns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will
37、 learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike o
38、thers? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person
39、with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.（分数：10.00）(1).The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to_.（分数：2.00）A.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionsB.give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC.give parents s
40、ome advice on how to modify their childrens emotions through learningD.discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced(2).If your jokes often find a ready echo in a person, you will learn through_that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater effor
41、ts to be humorous in his presence.（分数：2.00）A.classical conditioningB.neither of themC.operant conditioningD.some other sorts of conditioning(3).If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry anima
42、ls. This is a typical example of learning through_.（分数：2.00）A.classical conditioningB.both of themC.operant conditioningD.neither of them(4).In the third paragraph, the author is_.（分数：2.00）A.discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayB.talking about learning to modify emotions through
43、operant conditioningC.concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so onD.using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning(5).In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss_.（分数：2.00）A.definitions of p
44、ositive feelings and negative feelingsB.the third kind of learningC.further examples of learning through operant conditioningD.none of the aboveThe view over a valley of a tiny village with thatched (草盖的) roof cottages around a church; a driver through a narrow village street lined with thatched cot
45、tages painted pink or white; the sight over the rolling hills of a pretty collection of thatched farm buildingsthese are still common sights in parts of England. Most people will agree that the thatched roof is an essential part of the attraction of the English countryside. Thatching is in fact the
46、oldest of all the building crafts practised in the British Isles. Although thatch has always been used for cottage and farm buildings, it was once used for castles and churches, too. Thatching is a solitary craft, which often runs in families. The craft of thatching as it is practiced today has chan
47、ged very little since the Middle Ages. Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining and renewing the old roofs as well as thatching newer houses. Many property owners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know it will keep them cool in summer and
48、 warm in winter. In fact, if we look at developing countries, over half the world lives under thatch, but they all do it different ways. People in developing countries are often reluctant to go back to traditional materials and would prefer modern buildings. However, they may lack the money to allow
49、 them to import the necessary materials. Their temporary mud huts with thatched roofs of wild grasses often only last six months. Thatch which has been done the British way lasts from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defense against the heat.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following remains a unique feature of the English countryside?（分数：2.00）A.Narrow streets l
