1、现代语言学自考题-3 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what _ is and how it works. A. langue B. linguist C. language D. learning（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and
2、individual sounds within that range as _. A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is _. A. the internal structure B. morpheme C. the rules by which words are formed D. word（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.The syntactic rules of any language ar
3、e _ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.Bloomfield drew on _ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. A. contextual B. conceptualist C. behaviorist D. naming（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6._ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is ut
4、tered. A. Sentence meaning B. Utterance meaning C. The reference D. The meaning（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, etc, originate from _. A. Middle English B. Old English C. French D. Norman French（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8._ moves on a scale of the national language, dial
5、ects, and individual ways of communication. A. Language change B. Speech variety C. Speech variation D. Speech change（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called _. A. nerve fibers B. nerves C. neurons D. cerebral cortex（分数：2.00）A.B.
6、C.D.10.By “language acquisition is primarily the acquistion of the grammatical system of language“, linguists mean that _. A. every specific rule allowed by the grammatical system of a language must be acquired B. the phonological rules must be acquired C. the syntactic rules must be acquired D. the
7、 general principles that are fundamental to the grammaticality of speech must be acquired（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.What first drew the attention of the linguists were the Us /Uused in languages.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.If the vocal cords are apart, the airflow i
8、s not obstructed at the glottis and it passes freely into the vocal tract above the glottis, the sounds produced in this way are called Uv /Usounds.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.A Ur /Uis often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14
9、.A Uc /Usentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated in to the other.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.According to the Un /Utheory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_16.UP /Ustudies how meaning is conveyed in the proces
10、s of communication.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_17.In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the Ud /Uprocesses of change in language elements and language systems.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_18.UB /Urefers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or
11、by a group of speakers.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_19.UP /Ustudies language in relation to the mind.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_20.For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious Ui /Uon the part of adults.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.Linguists can conc
12、entrate on all the aspects of language at once.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误22.In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误23.A compound is the combination of only two words.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误24.Well-arranged sentences are considered grammatical sentences t
13、hat are formed following a set of syntactic rules.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误25.According to the “principles-and-parameters“ theory, “principles“ refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a
14、, while “parameters“ allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误26.Searles classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误27.The division
15、 of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误28.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety of a language.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误29.Research findings have shown that language processing
16、 centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误30.Empirical studies show that the process of SLA is a process of constructing and modifying rules of communication.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误六、B/B(总题数：10，分数：30.00)petence（分数：3.00）_32.articulatory phonetics（分数：3.00）_33.derivationa
17、l affixes（分数：3.00）_34.transformational rule（分数：3.00）_35.reference（分数：3.00）_36.locutionary act（分数：3.00）_37.Old English（分数：3.00）_38.pidgin（分数：3.00）_39.angular gyrus（分数：3.00）_40.interlanguage（分数：3.00）_七、B/B(总题数：2，分数：20.00)41.Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.（分数：10.0
18、0）_42.Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.（分数：10.00）_现代语言学自考题-3 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART ONE/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what _ is and how it
19、 works. A. langue B. linguist C. language D. learning（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结；其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性；最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds
20、within that range as _. A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is _. A. the internal structure B. morpheme C. the rules
21、 by which words are formed D. word（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。4.The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。5.Bloomfield drew o
22、n _ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. A. contextual B. conceptualist C. behaviorist D. naming（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 布龙菲尔德在试图定义词汇意义时采用了行为主义心理学观点。6._ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered. A. Sentence meaning B. Utterance meaning C. The
23、reference D. The meaning（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 话语意义基于句子意义，是句子意义在特定交际情景或者语境中的具体体现。也就是说，句子的话语意义依靠的是说该句子的语境或情景。7.Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, etc, originate from _. A. Middle English B. Old English C. French D. Norman French（分数：2.00）A.B. C.D.解析：解析 古英语可以追溯到公元 5 世纪中叶，当时说英语的盎格鲁一撒克逊
24、人从北欧入侵了不列颠群岛。英语中绝大多数基本单词均来自古英语，比如 man, woman, Child, house 等。8._ moves on a scale of the national language, dialects, and individual ways of communication. A. Language change B. Speech variety C. Speech variation D. Speech change（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 言语的变异总是以国语、方言以及不同的个体交际语言等形式来进行。从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语
25、变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。9.Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called _. A. nerve fibers B. nerves C. neurons D. cerebral cortex（分数：2.00）A.B.C. D.解析：解析 人的大脑位于头盖骨之下，平均包括 100 亿个被称为神经元的神经细胞。每个神经元至少和一千到一万个其他的神经元相联系。这些神经参与着数不胜数的微电路性质的活动。这些活动使得感知、思维、交流及其他类型的智力活动成为
26、可能。10.By “language acquisition is primarily the acquistion of the grammatical system of language“, linguists mean that _. A. every specific rule allowed by the grammatical system of a language must be acquired B. the phonological rules must be acquired C. the syntactic rules must be acquired D. the
27、general principles that are fundamental to the grammaticality of speech must be acquired（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. 解析：解析 当我们说语言的习得基本上是语言的语法系统习得的时候，我们并不是说语言的语法系统内的每一个具体的规则都需要习得。实际上，儿童习得的是使言语合乎语法规范所必需的一些具有普遍意义的规则。我们注意到，在生成话语时，儿童倾向使用普遍的语法规则，而排斥个别的不规则的情况。三、BPART TWO/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、B/B(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.What
28、first drew the attention of the linguists were the Us /Uused in languages.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：sounds。）解析：解析 首先引起语言学家们注意的是语言使用中的声音现象。这种对语言交际中声音的研究最终促成了语言学的第一个分支语音学的建立。12.If the vocal cords are apart, the airflow is not obstructed at the glottis and it passes freely into the vocal tract above the g
29、lottis, the sounds produced in this way are called Uv /Usounds.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：voiceless。）解析：解析 当声带拉得很宽的时候，气流可以畅通无阻地通过而不引起颤动，这样发出来的声音就没有被浊音化，因而它们叫做清音。英语中像t，s，f之类的辅音都是清音。13.A Ur /Uis often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.（分数：1.
30、00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：root。）解析：解析 词根经常被看成是单词的一部分，尽管它具有比较清晰、确切的意思，却不能够独立存在，它必须和其他词根或词缀一起才能构成一个单词。这样的例子在英语里数不胜数。14.A Uc /Usentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated in to the other.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：complex。）解析：解析 复合句包含两个或更多子句，其中一个子句被并入另一个子句中。也就是说，复合句中的两个子句在地位上是不同的，其中一个子句从属于
31、另一个子句。被合并的子句或者说居于从属地位上的子句通常叫做从属子句，而包含从属子句的这个子句被称作主句。15.According to the Un /Utheory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：naming。）解析：解析 根据命名论观点，语言形式或标记，或者说，语言中所用的词被看成是该词所指事物的名称或标记，因此，词只是事物的名称或标记。这种理论的局限性是显而易见的。16.UP /Ustudies
32、how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Pragmatics。）解析：解析 对于语用学，较为普遍的定义是：语用学研究语言使用者是如何运用语句进行成功交际的。由于交际过程本质上是一个在特定语境中传递意义的过程，语用学也可看做是一种意义研究。17.In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the Ud /Uprocesses of change in language elements and
33、 language systems.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：diachronic。）解析：解析 我们在第一章中把对语言的历史研究看成是对语言的历时性研究。当我们涉及到研究语言在不同的时间阶段和不同的历史时期中发展变化的时候，我们用历时语言学这个说法来取代历史语言学。18.UB /Urefers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：B
34、ilingualism。）解析：解析 双语现象指的是在某个特殊地区或国家的居民中，一个或团体的言语使用者同时使用两种标准语言的一种语言现象。19.UP /Ustudies language in relation to the mind.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Psycholinguistics)。）解析：解析 心理语言学是对语言和心理之间关系的研究。20.For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious Ui
35、 /Uon the part of adults.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：instruction。）解析：解析 语言学家们发现，对绝大多数儿童而言，语言发展是自然发生的，几乎不需要成年人有意识的指点。五、B/B(总题数：10，分数：20.00)21.Linguists can concentrate on all the aspects of language at once.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 语言是一种包含有多层次和多方面的综合体，语言学家们不可能一下子都能够研究得面面俱到，每一次只能集中研究其中的一个方面。改正：Linguists hav
36、e to concentrate on one aspect of language at a time since language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets.22.In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 元音和辅音的基本区别在于在发前者的时候，从肺部呼出的气流在咽喉、鼻子或口腔里均不会受到任何形式的阻碍，而在发后者的时候则要受到不同形
37、式的阻碍。所以在对元音和辅音分类时，不可能采用同样的标准。改正：As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classificatio
38、n.23.A compound is the combination of only two words.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 复合法是把两个、甚至经常是两个以上的单词结合在一起构成新单词的方法。不同词类的单词可以被组合到一起构成复合词。改正：Some compounds contain more than two words.24.Well-arranged sentences are considered grammatical sentences that are formed following a set of syntactic rules.（分数：2.0
39、0）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 句法学是语言学的一个分支，它研究的是语言的句子结构。合乎语法的句子是按照一套句法规则而构成的。25.According to the “principles-and-parameters“ theory, “principles“ refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, w
40、hile “parameters“ allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 根据原则及参数理论，普遍语法由一组综合性条件或原则构成，这组原则指的是语法高度抽象的属性，这一属性被应用于一般语言中，它生成词组，同时限制移动 规则的应用范围，阻止其在某些情况下的应用。普遍语法还包括一组参数，这些参数可以保证基本原则在某些情况下的操作，自然
41、语言的个别语法据此而变化。26.Searles classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 舍尔的贡献之一在于他对言外行为的分类。根据舍尔的理论，言语分为 5 种基本类型，即我们运用语言所做的事情有 5 种基本类型。改正：Searles classification is not based on the classification of performative verbs lint on the illoc
42、utionary point of each act.27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.（分数：2.00）A.正确B.错误 解析：解析 大家都能接受英语被划分为古英语、中世纪英语和现代英语 3 个历史阶段的划分方法，这种划分是随意的、约定俗成的，历史语言学家们之所以把语言划分为不同的历史时期，是因为他们想有一个更方便的、更切合实际的研究语言变化的方法。这绝不意味着古英语是在某一特定的时间阶段转化成
43、中世纪英语的。改正：The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.28.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety of a language.（分数：2.00）A.正确 B.错误解析：解析 从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。29.Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in a s
