1、2010 年北京外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：32.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.langue（分数：2.00）_2.phoneme（分数：2.00）_3.prefix（分数：2.00）_4.part of speech（分数：2.00）_5.back-formation（分数：2.00）_6.polysemy（分数：2.00）_7.speech community（分数：2.00）_8.interlanguage（分数：2.00）_9.syllabus（分数：2.00）_prehensible input（分数：2.00
2、）_二、简答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)11.How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system?（分数：2.00）_12.What is the aim of IC(Immediate Constituent)analysis? Make an IC analysis of the following sentence by means of either brackets or a tree diagram.My mother said Mary liked the handbag.（分数
3、：2.00）_13.What is your comment on the following paragraph? Rewrite it and explain why you want to rewrite it that way.One winter morning when Father left the Riding Club on horseback, Father“s horse fell with Father. Not only did the stupid animal fall but the animal landed on Father“s foot. Father
4、pulled Father“s foot out from under, got the horse up, and went on to the Park for Father“s ride. But Father found later that one of Father“s toes had been bent and that Father couldn“t straighten the toe out.（分数：2.00）_14.In what way are language and computer related, and how has their relationship
5、affected language learning?（分数：2.00）_三、写作题(总题数：2，分数：4.00)15.What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analyse and explain the phenomenon.甲：上车请买票。已：三张天安门。甲：您拿好。（分数：2.00）_16.Some adult second language learners may have stayed in an English speaking country
6、for years. However, when they speak, their English can still be full of mistakes. What do you think might be the problem? Use a second language acquisition theory to analyse the problem.（分数：2.00）_2010 年北京外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：32.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.langue（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：L
7、angue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and it is the linguistic competence of the speaker.)解析：解析：(考查语言)2.phoneme（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：A phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which c
8、an distinguish meaning.)解析：解析：(考查音位)3.prefix（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Prefix is a special kind of affix, a type of bound morphemes that occurs only before other morphemes(the root or stem).)解析：解析：(考查前缀)4.part of speech（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：One of a group of traditional classifications of words according t
9、o their functions in context, including the noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, and sometimes the article.)解析：解析：(考查词类)5.back-formation（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagi
10、ned affix from a longer form already present in the language.)解析：解析：(考查逆构词法)6.polysemy（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It refers to the ambiguity of an individual word or phrase that can be used(in different contexts)to express two or more different meanings.)解析：解析：(考查一词多义)7.speech community（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案
11、：It refers to a group of people who share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well.)解析：解析：(考查言语社团)8.interlanguage（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is
12、 often referred to as interlanguage. Interlanguage is often understood as a language system between the target language and the learner“s native language. It is imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learner“s native language.)解析：解析：(考查中介语)9.syllabus（分数：
13、2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：A syllabus is a specification of what takes place in the classroom, which usually contains the aims and contents of teaching and sometimes contains suggestions of methodology.)解析：解析：(考查教学大纲)prehensible input（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Some experts strongly believe that any input must be co
14、mprehensible if it is to have any effect on learning. According to Krashen“s Input Hypothesis(1985), learners acquire language as a result of comprehending input addressed to them. Krashen put forward the concept of “ i + 1“ principle: the language that learners are exposed to should be just far eno
15、ugh beyond their current competence that they can understand most of it but still be challenged to make progress. Input should be neither too difficult nor too easy for the learners.)解析：解析：(考查可理解输入)二、简答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)11.How do you compare the traffic light system with a human linguistic system?（分数：
16、2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Both the traffic light system and human linguistic system belong to the language system. Both can convey information to human beings. The key difference lies in duality. Linguists refer “duality“(of structure)to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two level
17、s of structure or patterning.(3 points)At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units(such as morphemes, words, etc.). At the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but combine to form units of me
18、aning. With duality, our language is endowed with the great productive power.(3 points) The traffic light system does not have duality, because its primary level does not have independent units which can be united freely into meaningful secondary units. One form corresponds to one meaning. That is,
19、the red light means to stop; the green one means to pass; the yellow one means to pause for pass or stop.(3 points)The traffic light system is more like animal communicative system rather than human language.(1 point)解析：解析：考查语言与交通信号灯的异同。语言系统与交通信号灯系统的关键区别在于语言的二重性。二重性是人类语言的区别性特征之一，指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层
20、结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。二重性使得人类语言具有巨大的能创性。而交通信号灯系统不具备二重性，在某种意义上，它更像是动物的语言。12.What is the aim of IC(Immediate Constituent)analysis? Make an IC analysis of the following sentence by means of either brackets or a tree diagram.My mother said Mary liked the handbag.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The aim of IC analysis
21、 is to discover and demonstrate the interrelationships of the words in a linguistic structurethe sentence or the word-combination. The IC analysis views the sentence not just as a linear sequence of elements but as a sequence made up of “layers“ of immediate constituents, each lower-level constituen
22、t being part of a higher-level constituent.(3 points) Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguities, if any, will be revealed.(2 points) We can analyze the sentence like this; )解析：解析：考查直接成分分析法的目的。直接成分分析法是指先把句子分析为直接成分词组(或短语)，再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直
23、接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。本题可先从直接成分分析法的概念着手。通过直接成分分析法，句子的内在结构可以清晰地展示出来，如果有歧义也会被揭示出来。13.What is your comment on the following paragraph? Rewrite it and explain why you want to rewrite it that way.One winter morning when Father left the Riding Club on horseback, Father“s horse fell with Father. Not only did t
24、he stupid animal fall but the animal landed on Father“s foot. Father pulled Father“s foot out from under, got the horse up, and went on to the Park for Father“s ride. But Father found later that one of Father“s toes had been bent and that Father couldn“t straighten the toe out.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：O
25、ne winter morning when Father left the Riding Club on horseback, his horse fell with him. Not only did the stupid animal fall but it landed on Father“s foot. Father pulled his foot out from under, got the horse up, and went on to the Park for his ride. But he found later that one of his toes had bee
26、n bent and that he couldn“t straighten it out.(6 points) The original version is rather redundant without proper use of pronouns. Proper use of pronouns is able to make the paragraph smooth, brief and clear.(2 points)Therefore, I use proper pronouns in my rewriting. For example, in the first sentenc
27、e, I use “his horse“ to replace “Father“s horse“ in order to make it brief without any ambiguity.(2 points)解析：解析：考查语篇中的衔接与连贯。本段文字没有充分利用代词，语篇读起来比较啰嗦。因此在改写过程中，应充分利用人称代词，使语篇流畅、自然。14.In what way are language and computer related, and how has their relationship affected language learning?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(
28、正确答案：The interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language is called computational linguistics. To this field, linguistics contributes an understanding of the special properties of language data, and provides theories and descriptions of language
29、structure and use. Computer science contributes theories and techniques for designing and implementing computer systems.(5 points) Computer Assisted Language Learning refers to the use of a computer in the learning of a second or foreign language. It may take the form of;(2 points) a. Activities whi
30、ch parallel learning through other media besides with the use of the facilities of the computer.(1 point) b. Activities which are extensions or adaptations of print-based or classroom-based activities.(1 point) c. Activities which are unique to CALL.(1 point)解析：解析：考查语言与计算机的关系，即计算机语言学的研究范围，以及计算机语言学对语
31、言学习的影响。计算机语言学属于跨学科领域，它研究如何利用计算机去处理及产生人类语言。语言学对这一领域的贡献是帮助理解语料的特殊性质，并提供有关语言结构和使用的描述及理论。计算机科学提供计算机系统设计及应用的理论和技术。计算机辅助语言学习是指第二语言或外语的教学或学习过程中计算机的运用。计算机辅助语言学习可能呈现以下几种形式：(1)既使用了计算机设备又涉及其他媒介进行学习的活动；(2)对基于印刷品或课堂的教与学进行了延伸或改编的活动；(3)计算机辅助语言学习所特有的活动。三、写作题(总题数：2，分数：4.00)15.What kind of linguistic phenomenon can y
32、ou identify in the following dialogue? Define, analyse and explain the phenomenon.甲：上车请买票。已：三张天安门。甲：您拿好。（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：According to Speech Act Theory, we are performing actions when we are speaking, and a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, ill
33、ocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. a)A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax lexicon and phonology.(3 points)b)An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker“s intention; it is the act performed i
34、n saying something.(3 points)c)A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.(3 points) According to the Speech Act Theory, when 甲 said : “上车请买票.“ ,
35、its locutionary act is that the ticket seller is speaking the sentence. Its illocutionary act is to ask the passengers to buy tickets for their ride. Since the passengers give an active correspondence, the ticket seller realized his intention, so the perlocutionary act of the first sentence is that
36、the passengers bought the tickets for their ride.(4 points) When 乙 said : “三张天安门.“ , its locutionary act is that he is speaking the sentence. Its illocutionary act is to buy three tickets to Tian“anmen, and its perlocutionary act is that the ticket seller gave him the tickets, and he said “您拿好“ .(4
37、points) 甲 and 乙 also comply with the cooperative principle proposed by Grice. Cooperative principle refers to the “cooperation“ between speakers in using the maxims during the conversation.(3 points)Our talks are characteristically, to some degree at least, cooperative efforts; and each participant
38、recognizes in them, to some extent, a common purpose or some of the purposes, or at least, a mutually accepted direction.(3 points) To specify the CP further, Grice introduced four categories of maxims as follows: the maxim of quantity, of quality, of relation, and of manner.(3 points)The correspond
39、ent of 乙, perfectly complies with the maxim of relation. It is a perfect answer for the locutionary act of 甲. 甲 is asking the passengers to buy the tickets. And the answer of 乙 gives all the required information.(4 points)解析：解析：考查语用学中的言语行为理论和合作原则。言语行为理论是语言语用研究中的一个重要理论。它最初是由英国哲学家约翰奥斯汀在 20 世纪 50 年代提出的
40、。根据言语行为理论，我们说话的同时是在实施某种行为，说话者说话时可能同时实施三种行为：发话行为、行事行为和取效行为。发话行为是通过句法、词汇和音位来表达字面意义的行为。行事行为是表达说话者的意图的行为，它是在说某些话时所实施的行为。取效行为是通过某些话所实施的行为，或讲某些话所导致的行为，它是话语所产生的后果或所引起的变化。会话含义的产生是由于在现实交际中，人们出于种种原因，并不都严格遵守合作原则及其相关准则。因而有必要先介绍一下格赖斯的合作原则及其准则。格赖斯认为，在所有的语言交际中为了达到特定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都应该遵守的原则，他称这种原则为会话的合作原则(Cooperative Principle，简称 CP)，也就是说，每一个交谈参与者在整个交谈过程中所说的话要符合交谈的公认目的或方向。格赖斯将合作原则具体化为四个准则，其中一个准则是关系准则。因此实质上，乙的回答是对甲的话语的非常合适的回应。16.Some adult second language learners may have stayed in an English speaking country for years. Ho
