1、2008年北京外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析 一、简答题 1 Suppose you are teaching an English-speaking person Chinese. How would you help him/her interpret the following sentences, especially the relationships between the noun phrases at the beginning of the sentences and the verbs? Could you classify the sentences i
2、nto different groups and suggest strategies for interpreting each group?(40 points) (1)钱你先垫着。 (2)这件事你可以写一部小说。 (3)报纸我包书。 (4)小王我已经告诉他了。 (5)我结婚的都送这个。 (6)动物园跑了一只熊。 (7)谁都了解这个情况。 (8)哪个地方都买不到适合我穿的衣服。 2 What is your understanding of linguistic competence and communicative competence? Do you agree with drawi
3、ng a distinction between these two competences? Why or why not? Please justify your answer with one or two examples.(30 points) 3 Discuss five kinds of lexical relations, using English examples to illustrate your points.(20 points) 4 Discuss sense, denotation and reference, using Chinese examples to
4、 illustrate your points.(20 points) 5 Dialogues 1)and 2)were produced by an English child aged 2 years and 4 months and her mother. Dialogues 3)and 4)were produced by another English child aged 3 years and 11 months and her mother. I. Describe the language of the two children lexically, syntacticall
5、y, semantically and pragmatically. II. Discuss the similarity and differences you notice in their language.(C refers to child, and M mother.)(40 points) 1)C: me want that. M: youve got a real piano. C: why? M: its upstairs. C: why? why? M: what do you mean why? C:why? 2)C: me want to read that. M: o
6、kay, lets read that. C: read that, wrong side. M: I think youve got it upside down. C: look, look her toe. M: I think theyre funny shoes actually, made to look like toes. C: why? 3)(looking at a picture book) M: thats an animal called an iguana, dont you like that? C: cover hes face. M: oh why? dont
7、 you like it? C: no hes M: hes rather a friendly iguana. C: what are guanas? M: Iguanas. Its a sort of lizardanimalgreen animal. 4)C: when is Daddy going to come back? M: quite soon. I think love. C: at eight oclock? M: no. I hope hell be back at one oclock. C: Mummy, hes going to be back at eight o
8、clock. M: is he? 2008年北京外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析 一、简答题 1 【正确答案】 In sentences(1)to(4), there is a noun at the beginning of each sentence, and the noun can be regarded as the object of the verb in interpretation. These sentences are of the same type of sentence style and they all can be translated into
9、 active or passive voice. (1)You pay the money. / The money is paid by you. (2)You can write the thing into a novel. / The thing can be written into a novel by you. (3)I use this newspaper to cover books. / This newspaper is used to cover books. (4)I have told Xiao Wang all. / Xiao Wang has been tol
10、d all by me. Sentence(5)is a little different. The noun “结婚的 “ after “我 “ , which is not placed in the initial position, can be viewed as the indirect object of the verb “送 “ , thus the sentences can be translated as “I give it to every married one“. In sentence(6), the noun “动物园 “ is actually the a
11、dverbial of place in the sentence. So the sentence can be translated into “One bear escaped from the zoo“. As for sentence(7), we can use the fixed expression “It is known to all“. Just like in sentence(6), the noun at the beginning position in sentence(8)can be understood as the adverbial of place.
12、 So it can be translated as “I cant buy the clothes anywhere which suit me“. Based on the analysis, we can get several sentence groups: 1)object + subject + verb(OSV), 2)subject + indirect object + verb + direct object(SOVO), 3)place noun + verb + subject, 4)semantically-equivalent sentences. Some s
13、uggested strategies for interpretation: We may view the initial noun in the first group as the object, so we can use both active and passive voice to interpret sentences in the group. As for the second group, we should interpret them on the basis of the semantic content. As for the third group, we s
14、till need to fix the normal sentence order according to its semantic content. And the last group, which is usually fixedly expressed, can be interpreted from language practice and the culture concerned. 【试题解析】 本题考查英、汉语句型的异同，英、汉语之间既有相同或者说对等之处，同时也有较多相异之处。这就要求考生对该校所规定的三本参考书都应有所关注。 2 【正确答案】 I agree with
15、 drawing a distinction between linguistic competence and communicative competence. Linguistic competence originally comes from Chomsky. It refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situations. This concept of ling
16、uistic competence has been criticized for being too narrow and presenting a “Garden of Eden View“. To expand the concept of competence, D. H. Hymes proposes communicative competence, which has four components: possibility, feasibility, appropriateness and performance. In Hymes view, the learner acqu
17、ires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical but also as appropriate. It stresses the context in which an utterance occurs, which also leads to a concentration on discourse, in Hymes term linguistic routines-the sequential organization beyond sentences. In its application, the teacher may tea
18、ch how in different situations the same sentence can perform the function of statement, command, or request. On the other hand, while introducing different linguistic forms with the same semantic structure, for example the two forms of “you“ in Chinese, he may draw special attention to different con
19、texts in which they are used. Thus, in the teaching of literature, the teacher can focus on features of different genres. In the teaching of conversation, he can introduce such strategies as opening, continuing, turn-taking and closing. 【试题解析】 本题考查 Chomsky的语言能力与 Hymes的交际能力，答案参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 356-357页
20、或语言研究 (第二版 )第 197页。考生也应了解这两种能力所对应的教学大纲。 3 【正确答案】 1)SynonymySynonymy is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning. Synonyms are two or more forms with very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentences. Examples of synonyms are the pairs broad-w
21、ide, hide-conceal, almost-nearly, cab-taxi, liberty-freedom, and answer-reply.Some semanticians maintain, however, that there are no real synonyms, because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects: in shades of meaning
22、(e.g., finish, complete, close, conclude, terminate, finalize, end, etc.), in stylistic meaning, in emotive meaning(or affective meaning), in range of use(or collocative meaning), in British and American English usagese.g., autumn(BrE), fall(AmE).2)AntonymyAntonymy is the name for oppositeness relat
23、ion. There are three main sub-types: gradable antonymy, complementary antonymy, and converse antonymy.Gradable antonymy is the commonest type of antonymy, in which the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other. For example, good-bad,
24、 big-small and hot-cold are of this type.Complementary antonymy refers to the sense relation in which the members of a pair in this type are complementary to each other. For example, single-married, dead-alive and male-female are of this type.Converse antonymy is a special type of antonymy in that t
25、he members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. For example, buy-sell and parent-child are of this type.3)HyponymyHyponymy involves us in the notion of meaning inclusion. It is a matter of class membership. That is
26、 to say, when X is kind of Y, the lower term X is the “hyponym“, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate“. Two or more hyponyms sharing the same superordinate are called “co-hyponyms“. For example, “flower“ is the superordinate of “tulip“, “violet“ and “rose“, which are the co-hyponyms of “flower
27、“.4)PolysemyPolysemy refers to the semantic phenomenon that a word may have more than one meaning. For example, “negative“ means(1)a statement saying or meaning “no“,(2)a refusal or denial,(3)one of the following words and expressions: no, not, nothing, never, not at all, etc.,(4)a negative photogra
28、ph or film.5)HomonymyThe term homonymy is used when one form(written and spoken)has two or more unrelated meanings. The following types are of homonymy.(1)Homographswords which are identical in spelling, but different in meaning and pronunciation: tear (v)/tear (n.).(2)Homophoneswords which are iden
29、tical in pronunciation, but different in spelling and meaning: see/sea.(3)Complete homonymswords which are identical in spelling and pronunciation, but different in meaning: bear(v. to give birth to a baby/to stand)/bear(n. a kind of animal). 【试题解析】 本题考查词汇的涵义关系，答案参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第163一 170页或语言研究 (第二版 )
30、第 118-122页。考生应熟知词汇的涵义关系并能举例说明。 4 【正确答案】 Sense may be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another, or more generally between on linguistic unit and another. It is concerned with the intra-linguistic relations. In contrast, reference is concerned with the relation between a word and
31、 the thing it refers to, or more generally between a word and a non-linguistic entity it refers to. Leech also uses “sense“ as a briefer term for his conceptual meaning. This usage is justifiable in that as technical term “sense“ may be used in the same way as “connotation“ is used in philosophy. It
32、 may refer to the properties an entity has. In this sense, “sense“ is equivalent to “concept“. So the distinction between “sense“ and “reference“ can be comparable to that between “connotation“ and “denotation“. The former refers to the abstract properties of an entity, which the latter refers to th
33、e concrete entities having these properties. There is another difference between sense and reference. To some extent, we can say every word has a sense; otherwise we will not be able to use it or understand it. But not every word has a reference. Words like God, ghost and dragon refer to imaginary t
34、hings, which do not exist in reality. Chinese examples: 汉语中的 “龙 ”有其内涵意义，但它是虚构出来的，在现实中无法找到其所指。再比如 “男人 ”意为男性的人，其外延为世界上所有男性的人，其指称为具体语境下说话者与受话者所共知的某男性的人。 【试题解析】 本题考查词汇的意义、外延和指称的关系问题，答案参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 163-170页或语言研究 (第二版 )第 158-163页。 5 【正确答案】 From the dialogue 1)and dialogue 2), we can notice some feature
35、s of child language at the age of about 2. Lexically, the child misuses me and I. He can use some words(although incorrectly)to name a number of objects, such as “piano“ in dialogue 1). And he always repeats the word “why“ for several times. Some prepositions are often neglected, such as “look her t
36、oe“. Syntactically, the child can produce a number of utterances by using simple words, such as “me want to read that“. Semantically, he can convey some but incomplete message because of his small vocabulary. For example, the repetition of “why“ makes the mother confused. Pragmatically, he can expre
37、ss some feeling directly, and carry out his communication to some extent. For example, “read that, wrong side.“ indicates that he wants his mother to read it and he knows the picture upside down. As for the child aged 3 years and 11 months, lexically, he can use me and I correctly but still a small
38、vocabulary, and he can use correct inflectional form; syntactically, he can use correct sentence pattern and produce relatively longer sentences; semantically, he can express his feeling relatively clearly; pragmatically, he can understand some pragmatic meaning, neither imitating the adults speech nor accepting the adults correction. 【试题解析】 本题考查儿童语言的 特点，答案参照语言研究 (第二版 )第 175-183页。
