1、2010年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：46.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.historical linguistics（分数：2.00）_2.coarticulation（分数：2.00）_plementary distribution（分数：2.00）_4.inflectional affix（分数：2.00）_5.semantic broadening（分数：2.00）_6.logical form（分数：2.00）_7.psycholinguistics（分数：2.00）_8.syllabus（分数：2.00）_9.
2、performative act（分数：2.00）_10.interlanguage（分数：2.00）_二、音标题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)11.The typical format of a phonological rule is given asAB/X_YYou are required to write out the structural description(SD)and the structural change(SC)of the rule.（分数：2.00）_12.Linking-r in British RPThe phenomenon of linking-r i
3、n British RP is illustrated by the data given below: （分数：2.00）_13.Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process in English:（分数：2.00）_14.State the most obvious differences between compounds and verb phrases in English. Compounds Verb Phrasesfoot-warmers Iwarmed my feetma
4、n-eating Sheeats an applebrainwash He waswashing disheshaircut The boycuts a piece of paper（分数：2.00）_三、简答题(总题数：9，分数：18.00)15.The following phrases include a head, a complement and(in some cases)a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree diagram with labels indicating these categories for each phrase. (1
5、)into the house PP (3)perhaps earned the money VP (2)full of mistakes AP (4)that argument with Owen NP（分数：2.00）_16.Give the deep structure of the sentence What can the boy sit on?, and transform the deep structure of the sentence into its surface structure, using two diagrams to demonstrate the proc
6、ess of transformation.（分数：2.00）_17.The following sentences are semantically ambiguous:(A)Peter saw the lady when she was near the bank.(B)The captain met wealthy men and women.You are required to point out the source of semantic ambiguity for each sentence.（分数：2.00）_18.If you ask somebody “Can you o
7、pen the door?“ and he answers “Yes“ but does not actually do it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to explain it in the light of Speech Act Theory.（分数：2.00）_19.How do you understand the cancellability of conversational implicature?（分数：2.00）_20.In what ways can linguistics contribute to language
8、learning research?（分数：2.00）_21.In your understanding what roles do corpus data play in language studies? Part V（分数：2.00）_22.State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words).The main features of generative linguistics.（分数：2.00）_23.Linguistics ideas of special importance developed in
9、 the Prague School.（分数：2.00）_2010年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：46.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.historical linguistics（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Historical linguistics is the study of change in individual language and in languages generally. It has five main concerns; to describe and account for obse
10、rved changes in particular languages; to reconstruct the pre-history of languages and determine their relatedness, grouping them into language families(comparative linguistics); to develop general theories about how and why language changes; to describe the history of speech communities; to study th
11、e history of words.)解析：解析：(考查历史语言学)2.coarticulation（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It refers to the simultaneous or overlapping articulation of two successive phonological units. If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation. If the sound
12、 shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation, as in the case of map.)解析：解析：(考查协同发音)plementary distribution（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It refers to the relation between sounds or forms whose distributions do not overlap. Thus in southern British English, an unaspiratedpapp
13、ears after an initials, e. g. in the word spin; an aspiratedph, e. g. initially in pin; but there is no context in which both would be normal. Therefore they are in complementary distribution, and they are described as allophones of the same phoneme.)解析：解析：(考查互补分布)4.inflectional affix（分数：2.00）_正确答案：
14、(正确答案：An inflectional affix is an affix that expresses a grammatical contrast that is obligatory for its stem“s word class in some given grammatical context. It does not change the word class of its stem and is typically located farther from its root than a derivational affix, and produces a predict
15、able, nonidiosyncratic change of meaning, e. g. -s in books.)解析：解析：(考查屈折词缀)5.semantic broadening（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. The broadening process is technica
16、lly called generalization. An example of generalization is the word business, which originally meant “ the state of being busy, careworn, or anxious“ and was broadened to encompass all kinds of work or occupations.)解析：解析：(考查语义扩大)6.logical form（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：In syntax, logical form refers to a
17、certain level of mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from surface structure. It is the semantic equivalent of phonetic form, a representation of the sound of a sentence derived from its surface structure. Logical form is the level of representation which fully determines the se
18、mantics of a sentence.)解析：解析：(考查逻辑形式)7.psycholinguistics（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. Most problems in psycholinguistics are more concrete
19、, involving the study of language acquisition especially in children and linguistic performance such as producing and comprehending utterances or sentences among adults.)解析：解析：(考查心理语言学)8.syllabus（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：A syllabus is an outline and summary of topics to be covered in an education or trai
20、ning course. It is descriptive. A syllabus is often either set out by an exam board, or prepared by the professor who supervises or controls the course quality.)解析：解析：(考查教学大纲)9.performative act（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Performative utterances are not true or false, that is, not truth-evaluable; instead w
21、hen something is wrong with them then they are “happy“ or “unhappy“ ; the uttering of a performative is, or is part of, the doing of a certain kind of action, the performance of which, again, would not normally be described as just “saying“ or “describing“ something. For example, when Peter says “I
22、promise to do the dishes“ in an appropriate context then he thereby does not just say something, and in particular he does not just describe what he is doing; rather, in making the utterance he performs the promise.)解析：解析：(考查行事行为)10.interlanguage（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：An interlanguage is a system of r
23、ules said to develop, in the mind of someone learning a foreign language, which is intermediate between that of their native language and that of the one being learned. For example, a learner in the early stages may use nothing but the present tense.)解析：解析：(考查中介语)二、音标题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)11.The typical f
24、ormat of a phonological rule is given asAB/X_YYou are required to write out the structural description(SD)and the structural change(SC)of the rule.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Structural description(SD);A is transformed into B when it appears before Y and after X. Structural change(SC):XAYXBY)解析：解析：考查音系规则中的
25、结构描写和结构变化。音系规则读为：音段或特征 A在 X_Y的环境中变为 B。12.Linking-r in British RPThe phenomenon of linking-r in British RP is illustrated by the data given below: （分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：In British RP, people pronounce an /r/ in red, where “r“ is followed by a vowel, but not in park, nor in bar when those words are sai
26、d in isolation. However, if a word ending in written “r“ is followed closely by a word or by a suffix beginning with a vowel, the /r/ is pronounced as in water ice or in barring. This phenomenon is referred to as “linking-r“.(4 points)Therefore, although the word bar is pronounced as ba:, the word b
27、arring is pronounced as . The phonological rule can be given as r/_ V.(3 points)And the rule reads; The voiceless letter “r“ is transformed intorwhen it appears directly before a vowel.(2 points)When the word park is followed by the suffix -ing, the vowel )解析：解析：考查英语中的 r音连读。单词末尾或音节末尾的 r在英式英语中是不发音的。但
28、是，当这个单词后面加上以元音开头的后缀或者这个单词后面紧跟着一个以元音开头的单词时，就会使原来不发音的字母 r读为r，并同后一个音节相连。根据音系规则，我们可以将其写为：13.Each of the following columns illustrates a different morphological process in English:（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Column 1: infixation(2 points) Column 2; suppletion(2 points) Column 3 : stress shift(2 points) Column 4
29、: suffixation(2 points)解析：解析：考查英语中的形态变化过程。形态变化过程有三种主要类型：词缀法、重叠法和变异法。词缀法可以分为前缀法、后缀法和中缀法；重叠法可以分为部分重叠法和完全重叠法；变异法种类繁多，包括元音变化法、异干法、减法和重音转移。14.State the most obvious differences between compounds and verb phrases in English. Compounds Verb Phrasesfoot-warmers Iwarmed my feetman-eating Sheeats an applebrai
30、nwash He waswashing disheshaircut The boycuts a piece of paper（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：From the examples, we can see that compounds are those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form. In compounds, the lexical morphemes can be o
31、f different word classes.(1 point)All the given words are endocentric compounds. The heads of them are derived from verbs. The first member is a participant of the process verb, which not only determines the category of the whole compound, but also determines the major part of the sense of the compo
32、und. In this sense, the right member serves as the head.(2 points)Compounds are written in different ways. Some can be written as single words; some can be joined with a hyphen “-“ ; some can be written with ordinary space between the two parts.(1 point) Phrase is a single element of structure conta
33、ining more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause. A phrase must be a group of words which form a constituent.(1 point)A verb phrase usually consists of a verb plus a nominal group, and is cbnsequently no longer a verb. The verb in the phrase serves as the head.
34、(2 points)Phrases are written with ordinary space between the words.(1 point)解析：解析：考查复合词与动词短语之间的区别。复合词指那些由一个以上的词汇语素构成的词，或者由两个独立的词连接起来构成的新形式。例子中给出的都是向心复合词，中心成分都是从动词派生出来的，第一个成员都是动作过程的参与者，决定了整个复合词的词类和主要意义，可以被看作中心成分。短语在语言的层级中，介于词和小句中间，由两个或者更多词构成，但没有主谓结构。短语必须由几个词构成一个语法单位。动词短语通常由动词加上一个名词词组构成，而动词被看作中心成分。从书
35、写方式来看，复合词有的可以写成一个词，有的可以用连字符“-”，也有的在其构成的两部分间可以有一个空格。构成短语的每个词之间用空格隔开。三、简答题(总题数：9，分数：18.00)15.The following phrases include a head, a complement and(in some cases)a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree diagram with labels indicating these categories for each phrase. (1)into the house PP (3)perhaps earn
36、ed the money VP (2)full of mistakes AP (4)that argument with Owen NP（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案： )解析：解析：考查直接成分分析法。短语一般包含三部分：head(中心语)、specifier(标志语)和complement(补足语)。中心语左边的成分是标志语，右边的成分是补足语。如下图所示：16.Give the deep structure of the sentence What can the boy sit on?, and transform the deep structure of the sent
37、ence into its surface structure, using two diagrams to demonstrate the process of transformation.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Deep structure:(6 points) Surface structure:(6 points) )解析：解析：考查深层结构到表层结构的转换。要求画出深层结构和表层结构以及转换两个树形图。深层结构是指一个结构体的句法属性的抽象表述，即不同成分之间的结构关系的潜在层面。表层结构是结构体句法派生过程的最后阶段，与人们实际发送、接受的结构组织是相符合的。17.The following sentences are semantically ambiguous:(A)Peter saw the lady when she was near the bank.(B)The captain met wealthy men and women.You are required to point out the source of semantic ambiguity for each sentence.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：In sentence(A
