1、2012 年中国海洋大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：54.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ study.（分数：2.00）A.comparativeB.diachronicC.up-to-dateD.descriptive2.What the element “-es“ indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element “-ed“
2、past tense, and “ -ing“ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also _.（分数：2.00）A.phonemesB.morphemesC.allophonesD.phones3.Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the
3、 _ theory.（分数：2.00）A.speech actB.TGC.principles-and-parametersD.minimalist programme4.One way to analyze lexical meaning is_.（分数：2.00）A.predication analysisB.stylistic analysisC.componential analysisD.proposition analysis5.Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the _ because this
4、 kind of speech act is identical with the speaker“s intention.（分数：2.00）A.locutionary actB.illocutionary actC.perlocutionary actD.constative act6.In terms of the place of articulation, the following soundstdsznshare the feature of_.（分数：2.00）A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental7.A focal point of SLA
5、research has been the nature and development of L2 learners“ _.（分数：2.00）A.second languageB.first languageC.foreign languageD.interlanguage8.The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called _.（分数：2.00）A.phoneticsB.morphologyC.syntaxD.semantics9.The word “lab“ is formed through _.（分数：2.
6、00）A.back formationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation10.When a child uses “mummy“ to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy“ means（分数：2.00）A.+ HumanB.+ Human + AdultC.+ Human + Adult-MaleD.+ Human + Adult - Male + Parent二、填空题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)11.By a 1, we mean the forms of linguistic signs beer
7、no natural relationship to their meaning.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_12.In order to avoid mentioning certain notions or matters directly, we have the employment of e 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_13.S 1 is the technical name for the sameness relation.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_14.The u 1 meaning of the sentence varies with the contex
8、t in which it is uttered.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_15.Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_16.A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the n
9、ew culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_17.Chinese belongs to t 1language, while English belongs to subject-prominent language according to the language typology.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_18.I 1 is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner c
10、onstructs, which represents the learner“s transitional competence in the target language.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_19.D 1 is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_20.C 1 linguisti
11、cs aims to deal with computer processing of human language.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_三、名词解释(总题数：5，分数：10.00)21.the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis（分数：2.00）_22.acculturation（分数：2.00）_23.linguistic relativism（分数：2.00）_24.universal grammar（分数：2.00）_25.speech act（分数：2.00）_四、简答题(总题数：2，分数：4.00)26.Enumerate three causes that
12、lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition and give your examples.（分数：2.00）_27.What is categorization in cognitive linguistics?（分数：2.00）_2012 年中国海洋大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：54.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.The description of a language as it changes through tim
13、e is a _ study.（分数：2.00）A.comparativeB.diachronic C.up-to-dateD.descriptive解析：解析：考查语言学中的历时研究。历时研究集中研究语言在较长历史时期中所经历的变化。2.What the element “-es“ indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element “-ed“ past tense, and “ -ing“ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language
14、 and meaningful, they are also _.（分数：2.00）A.phonemesB.morphemes C.allophonesD.phones解析：解析：考查语素的定义。语素是最小的不可分割的意义单位。3.Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the _ theory.（分数：2.00）A.speech actB.TGC.principles-and-param
15、etersD.minimalist programme 解析：解析：考查乔姆斯基理论的发展过程。20 世纪 80 年代，生成语法学派提出的理论是最简方案。4.One way to analyze lexical meaning is_.（分数：2.00）A.predication analysisB.stylistic analysisC.componential analysis D.proposition analysis解析：解析：考查语义成分分析法。语义成分分析法是结构语义学家提出的一种抽象词汇意义的分析方法。5.Of the three speech acts, linguists
16、are most interested in the _ because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker“s intention.（分数：2.00）A.locutionary actB.illocutionary act C.perlocutionary actD.constative act解析：解析：考查言语行为理论中的行事行为理论，也被称为言外行为。行事行为在发话行为的同时，表明说话的目的和希望所说的话被听话者所理解。6.In terms of the place of articulation, the fol
17、lowing soundstdsznshare the feature of_.（分数：2.00）A.palatalB.alveolar C.bilabialD.dental解析：解析：考查辅音的发音部分。题目中所提到的四种辅音均为齿龈音。7.A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners“ _.（分数：2.00）A.second languageB.first languageC.foreign languageD.interlanguage 解析：解析：考查第二语言习得研究的中
18、心。应为二语学习者在学习过程中所习得的中介语。8.The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called _.（分数：2.00）A.phoneticsB.morphologyC.syntax D.semantics解析：解析：考查句法学的定义。句法学就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。9.The word “lab“ is formed through _.（分数：2.00）A.back formationB.blendingC.clipping D.derivation解析：解析：考查构词法中的
19、缩写词。lab 是由单词 laboratory 截掉后面的部分构成的。10.When a child uses “mummy“ to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy“ means（分数：2.00）A.+ HumanB.+ Human + AdultC.+ Human + Adult-Male D.+ Human + Adult - Male + Parent解析：解析：考查词汇的语义特征。二、填空题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)11.By a 1, we mean the forms of linguistic signs beer
20、 no natural relationship to their meaning.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：arbitrariness）解析：解析：(考查语言的任意性特征)语言的任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有必然的联系。12.In order to avoid mentioning certain notions or matters directly, we have the employment of e 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：euphemism）解析：解析：(考查委婉语的定义)为了避免直接提及某些概念或事物
21、，我们使用委婉语。13.S 1 is the technical name for the sameness relation.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：Synonymy）解析：解析：(考查同义关系的定义)同义关系是指意义的相同或相近。14.The u 1 meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：utterance）解析：解析：(考查话语意义的定义)句子的话语意义随着它所处的语境的改变而改变。15.Learn
22、ers will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：transfer）解析：解析：(考查第二语言习得中的母语迁移现象)在学习第二语言的过程中，学习者会下意识地使用第一语言的知识，这被称为母语迁移。16.A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ
23、in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：acculturation）解析：解析：(考查语言文化移人的定义)有关整体动机的一项研究是对于学习者在适应第二语言文化过程中而产生的文化变迁程度及其结果的，这个适应过程被称为同化过程。17.Chinese belongs to t 1language, while English belongs to subject-promine
24、nt language according to the language typology.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：tone）解析：解析：(考查声调语言)根据语言类型学，汉语属于声调语言，而英语属于主语统御的语言。18.I 1 is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learner“s transitional competence in the target language.（分数：2.00）填空
25、项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：Interlanguage）解析：解析：(考查中介语的定义)中介语是指二语学习者构建的语言体系，是介于目的语和母语之间的语言。19.D 1 is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：Displacement）解析：解析：(考查语言的移位性特
26、征)语言的移位性特征是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时探讨各种事物，而不受时间和空间的限制。20.C 1 linguistics aims to deal with computer processing of human language.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：Computational）解析：解析：(考查计算语言学的定义)计算语言学研究的是利用计算机处理人类语言。三、名词解释(总题数：5，分数：10.00)21.the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
27、is a theoretic assumption which suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different language may probably express speaker“s unique ways of understanding the world. In a loose sense, this term can be interchangeably used with linguistic relativity and linguistic de
28、terminism.)解析：解析：(考查萨丕尔沃尔夫假说)22.acculturation（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Acculturation is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group. The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple levels in both interacting cultures. At the group level, accultur
29、ation often results in changes to culture, customs, and social institutions. Noticeable group level effects of acculturation often include changes in food, clothing, and language. At the individual level, differences in the way individuals acculturate have been shown to be associated not just with c
30、hanges in daily behavior, but with numerous measures of psychological and physical well-being.)解析：解析：(考查语言文化移人的定义)23.linguistic relativism（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic relativism is the idea that differences in language are related to differences in cognition of the language users. It is an idea i
31、mplied from linguistic determinism, and subject in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The principle is often defined as having two versions:(i)the strong version that language determines thought and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories and(ii)the weak version that linguistic
32、categories and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-linguistic behaviour.)解析：解析：(考查语言相对论)24.universal grammar（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Universal grammar is a theory in linguistics, usually credited to Noam Chomsky, proposing that the ability to learn grammar is hard-wired into the brain. The
33、theory suggests that linguistic ability manifests itself without being taught, and that there are properties that all natural human languages share. It is a matter of observation and experimentation to determine precisely what abilities are innate and what properties are shared by all languages.)解析：
34、解析：(考查普遍语法)25.speech act（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Speech act is a technical term in pragmatics, proposed by J. L. Austin, including locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Speech acts are commonly taken to include such acts as promising, ordering, greeting, warning, inviting and congr
35、atulating.)解析：解析：(考查言语行为的定义)四、简答题(总题数：2，分数：4.00)26.Enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition and give your examples.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Some major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition incl
36、ude: 1)interference from the mother tongue; 2)interlingual interference within the target language; 3)overgeneralization.(3 points) 1)Mother tongue interference: Mother tongue interference is found at the level of pronunciation, morphology, syntax, vocabulary and meaning, and can be predicted by con
37、trasting the grammatical or other systems of the native and target languages. For example, influenced by the mother tongue, Chinese learners of English may say “three apple“ instead of the correct form “three apples“.(4 points) 2)Interlingual interference: Interlingual interference, or cross-associa
38、tion, occurs when the learner mixes rules and patterns of the target language and produces hybrid structures. For example, “ I like read books. “ and “I no have a book“ are all examples of interlingual interference.(4 points) 3)Overgeneralization; The use of previously available strategies in new si
39、tuations, i. e. a particular pattern or rule of the target language is applied in many other linguistic situations. For example, when the learners realize that the addition of “-ed“ to a verb is a rule that changes the present time to the past time, the learners tend to generalize this rule and appl
40、y it to all verbs, and consequently they are heard producing the incorrect forms such as “goed“ and “corned“.(4 points)解析：解析：考查导致第二语言习得出现系统性错误的原因。主要原因包括：1、母语干扰；2、目标语的语际语干扰；3、概括过度。1)母语干扰：母语干扰体现在语音、形态、句法、词汇与意义方面，可以通过对本族语与目标语的语法及其他体系加以预测。2)语际语干扰：语际语干扰，或称语言交叉联系，即学习者将目标语的规则与模式混淆，从而造成混杂的结构。3)概括过度：将先前的策略应用
41、于新的环境，即将目标语中一个特定的模式或规则应用于其他许多语言环境中。27.What is categorization in cognitive linguistics?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. It is a major ingredient in the creation of human knowledge, and i
42、t allows us to relate present experiences to past ones. There are three levels in categories; the basic level, the superordinate level and the subordinate level.(6 points) The categories at the basic level are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the
43、 best. This is the level where we perceive the most differences between “objects“ in the world.(3 points)Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.(3 points)At the sub
44、ordinate level, people perceive the differences between the members of the basic level categories. They have clearly identifiable gestalts and lots of individual specific features.(3 points)解析：解析：考查认知语言学中的范畴化。范畴化是人类基于经验的异同对经验进行分类的过程，是人类认识的产生不可或缺的成分，它使人类能够把现在的经验与过去的经验结合起来。范畴可分为三个层次：基本层次范畴、上位范畴和下属范畴。基本层次范畴是最能体现文化突显性、实现认知需求的范畴；上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员之间没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形；下属层次范畴具有清晰可辨的完形和许多个性特征。
