1、2012年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：46.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.State what you know about the following terms IN ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH;(10 points)emotive function of language（分数：2.00）_2.grammatical concord（分数：2.00）_3.emic vs. etic（分数：2.00）_4.regional dialect（分数：2.00）_5.language determinism（
2、分数：2.00）_6.Define the following terms with at least two examples;(10 points)Lexical context（分数：2.00）_7.Relative synonyms（分数：2.00）_8.Affective meaning（分数：2.00）_9.Initialism（分数：2.00）_10.Stem（分数：2.00）_二、填空题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)11.Fill the blanks in the following sentences with appropriate adverbs or prepos
3、itions;(10 points)A soft sea breeze set 1 at midnight.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_12.His is wise enough to see 1 all these fine pretensions.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_13.He set 1 all objections and granted my request.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_14.If land is cropped and not manured, it will run 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_15.The judge said he
4、would hold 1 your case until the next sifting of the court.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_16.If the weather holds 1, I suggest we go out on a picnic.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_17.As neither of us would give in, the bargain fell 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_18.He lets his feelings run away 1 his judgment.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_19.He meant to p
5、ut in 1a share of the profits.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_20.One is not sorry to see the proud pulled .（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_三、简答题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)21.What are the two processes leading to polysemy?（分数：2.00）_22.How are the sound and meaning of most words related? Give examples to illustrate your point.（分数：2.00）_23.Pleas
6、e briefly answer the following question IN ABOUT 500 WORDS;(10 points)Pragmatics has been defined by:“PRAGMATICS = MEANING - SEMANTICS“. How do you understand this formula? Do you agree with it or not? Please support your ideas,better with examples.（分数：2.00）_2012年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：46.00，做题时间：
7、90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.State what you know about the following terms IN ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH;(10 points)emotive function of language（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The emotive function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an
8、 audience for or against someone or something.)解析：解析：(考查语言的感情功能)2.grammatical concord（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Grammatical concord is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.)解析：解析：(考查语法一致性)3.emic vs. etic（分数
9、：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Coined by the linguistic anthropologist Kenneth Pike, “emic“ and “etic“ derive from an analogy with the terms “phonemic“ and “phonetic“. “Emic“ focuses on the intrinsic cultural distinctions that are meaningful to the members of a given society, while “ etic“ constructs are account
10、s, descriptions, and analyses expressed in terms of the conceptual schemes and categories that are regarded as meaningful and appropriate by the community of scientific observers.)解析：解析：(考查位学的和非位)4.regional dialect（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in
11、 the same geographic region.)解析：解析：(考查地域方言)5.language determinism（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the way people view the world is determined by the structure of their native language.)解析：解析：(考查语言决定论)6.Define
12、 the following terms with at least two examples;(10 points)Lexical context（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context, and lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. For example, the noun “rain“ occurs
13、 together with “heavy“ , while the noun “wind“ goes with “strong“.)解析：解析：(考查词汇语境)7.Relative synonyms（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. A total synonymy is rare and synonyms all differ from each other in one way or another. Relative synonyms are conte
14、xt dependent. For example, “purchase“ and “buy“ are synonyms, but the latter seems to be more appropriate in the sentence “A little boy_a toy. “ In the same way, “offspring“ seems to be a better choice than “kids“ when we mention “the children from a royal family“.)解析：解析：(考查相对近义词)8.Affective meaning
15、（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：According to G. Leech, affective meaning is concerned with the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. For example, “ politician“ and “ statesman“ differ in affective meaning, and the formal is usually more approvingly, the same story goes with “cooperation“ and “conspirac
16、y“.)解析：解析：(考查情感意义)9.Initialism（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：As a type of acronym, Initialism refers to the use of the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase, and the new word is pronounced letter by letter. Such as BBC for British Broadcasting Corporation, and VOA for Voic
17、e of America.)解析：解析：(考查首字母缩略构词法)10.Stem（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Stem refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added, such as “brother“ in “brothers“ , and “work“ in “working“.)解析：解析：(考查词干)二、填空题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)11.Fill the blanks in the following sentences
18、with appropriate adverbs or prepositions;(10 points)A soft sea breeze set 1 at midnight.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：in）解析：解析：(set in 开始)12.His is wise enough to see 1 all these fine pretensions.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：through）解析：解析：(look through 看穿)13.He set 1 all objections and granted my reque
19、st.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：aside）解析：解析：(set aside 将搁置一旁)14.If land is cropped and not manured, it will run 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：out）解析：解析：(run out 流失)15.The judge said he would hold 1 your case until the next sifting of the court.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：off）解析：解析：(hold off 推迟，拖延)16.
20、If the weather holds 1, I suggest we go out on a picnic.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：up）解析：解析：(hold up 持续)17.As neither of us would give in, the bargain fell 1.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：through）解析：解析：(fall through 失败)18.He lets his feelings run away 1 his judgment.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：from）解
21、析：解析：(run away from 从逃出)19.He meant to put in 1a share of the profits.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：for）解析：解析：(put in for 申请)20.One is not sorry to see the proud pulled .（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：正确答案：down）解析：解析：(pull down 摧毁，推翻)三、简答题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)21.What are the two processes leading to polysemy?（分数：2.
22、00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Polysemy refers to the fact that one word has two or more senses or meanings, and the two processes leading up to polysemy are radiation and concatenation respectively.(1 point)Radiation refers to the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary
23、 meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.(2 points)Concatenation(linking together)is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the final meaning and t
24、he primary meaning.(2 points)解析：解析：考查一词多义现象的形成方式。一词多义现象指同一个词具有一个以上的意义。多义词有两种形成方式，分别是放射法和联系法。放射法指多义词的其他词义均由主要词义发散而来。联系法指多义词的第一种词义经过演变，逐渐形成其他多种词义，后来形成的词义已经与第一种词义没有联系。22.How are the sound and meaning of most words related? Give examples to illustrate your point.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Sound and meaning ar
25、e related arbitrarily, which means there is no natural relationship between a linguistic sign and its meaning. The relation between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. Even onomatopoeia is no exception. For example, we cannot explain why a book is called a /buk/in English bu
26、t a /shu/in Chinese, and why a dog barks “wow wow“ in English but “wang wang“ in Chinese.(3 points) Duality means the language“s property of having two levels of structures. Sounds here are the units in the secondary level as opposed to words in the primary level. The only function of sounds is to c
27、ombine with one another to form units that have meaning, such as words.(2 points)解析：解析：考查语言任意性和二重性的特点。任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义没有必然联系，拟声词也不例外。二重性指语言拥有两层结构，即底层结构是由没有意义的语音构成，上层结构是由意义明确的词构成。23.Please briefly answer the following question IN ABOUT 500 WORDS;(10 points)Pragmatics has been defined by:“PRAGMATIC
28、S = MEANING - SEMANTICS“. How do you understand this formula? Do you agree with it or not? Please support your ideas,better with examples.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The subject concerning the study of meaning is called semantics. More specifically speaking, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguis
29、tic units, words and sentences in particular. Meaning has always been a central topic in human scholarship, though the term “semantics“ has only a history of a little over a hundred years. There were discussions of meaning in the works of many philosophers, such as Plato and Laozi. Despite the fact
30、that numerous dictionaries have been published each year to explain the meaning of words, semantics remains the least known aspect in linguistic study. One difficulty lies in the fact that the word “meaning“ itself has different meanings. Different linguists have different ideas on this subject. Acc
31、ording to G. Leech, there are mainly seven types of meaning: the conceptual meaning, the connotative meaning, the social meaning, the affective meaning, the reflected meaning, the collocative and the thematic meaning. For example, the word “fool“ can be interpreted as “a person lacking in good sense
32、 or judgment“ , “a man employed by a king, noble to amuse others with jokes and tricks“ , or “a kind of cold light pudding“ and so on.(4 points) In semantics we know that a word may have many different meanings. But there is one important type of meaning we did not touch on at all. Suppose somebody
33、says to you “You“re a fool“ , you would more often than not retort “What do you mean?“ It is not that you do not know the meaning of any word in the sentence, or the words are combined in a too complicated way for you to understand. You know perfectly well the reference of you, the sense of fool, an
34、d the structure of the sentence. What you do not know is the speaker“s intention in uttering this sentence, what he intends the sentence to mean. Or rather, you do know the speaker“s intention, but you want to use “What do you mean?“ as a denial of what he has asserted. You used your own sentence wi
35、th a meaning other than the conceptual. This kind of meaning is sometimes referred to as speaker“s meaning, utterance meaning, or contextual meaning. It differs from the kinds of meaning we studied in semantics in that its interpretation depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the he
36、arer is, when and where it is used. In a word, it depends more on context. The discipline which concentrates on the intended meaning of a speaker is called pragmatics. Since this kind of meaning comes partly from the use of language in a context, pragmatics may be defined as the study of language in
37、 use.(4 points) Now if we divide meaning into two major sides; the side more closely related to the more constant, inherent side of meaning(which is studied under the heading of semantics)and the side more closely related to the context, the more indeterminate side, or something extral(which is studied under the heading of pragmatics), then we can say “pragmatics = meaning - semantics. “(2 points)解析：解析：语义学是对词义的研究，而语用学则从语言使用者的角度出发，借助于语境展开对意义的研究，是对传统语义学的发展和补充。如果我们将语言的意义分为两方面：一方面较稳定，涉及词语的固有含义(语义学的研究范围)，另一方面则较为多变，与语境相关(语用学的研究范围)。因此，语用学可以用“语用学=含义一语义学”这个公式来表达。
