1、2016 年宁波大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷及答案解析(总分：122.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.Even though he was guilty, the_judge did not send him to prison.（分数：2.00）A.mercifulB.impartialC.conscientiousD.conspicuous2.The education_for the coming year is about $ 4 billion, which is much more than what people expect
2、ed.（分数：2.00）A.allowanceB.reservationC.budgetD.finance3.They had fierce_as to whether their company should restore the trade relationship which was broken years ago.（分数：2.00）A.debateB.clashC.disagreementD.context4.They tossed your thoughts back and forth for over an hour, but still could not make_of
3、them.（分数：2.00）A.impressionB.comprehensionC.meaningD.sense5.The politician says he will_the welfare of the people.（分数：2.00）A.prey onB.take onC.get atD.see to6.If you_the bottle and cigarettes, youll be much healthier.（分数：2.00）A.takeoffB.keep offC.get offD.set off7.He was_to steal the money when he sa
4、w it lying on the table.（分数：2.00）A.draggedB.temptedC.elicitedD.attracted8.Being somewhat short-sighted, she had the habit of_at people.（分数：2.00）A.glancingB.peeringC.gazingD.scanning9.Of the thousands of known volcanoes in the world, the_majority are inactive.（分数：2.00）A.tremendousB.demandingC.intensi
5、veD.overwhelming10.In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the_concern of state governments.（分数：2.00）A.extinctB.excludingC.excessiveD.exclusive11.The food was rather_and needed gingering up.（分数：2.00）A.slipperyB.inscribeC.invisibleD.insipid12.I dont_expert knowledge of this su
6、bject.（分数：2.00）A.professB.confessC.confirmD.confront13.He had no_about his talents as a singer.（分数：2.00）A.illuminationsB.illustrationsC.allusionsD.illusions14.There is not much time left; so Ill tell you about it_.（分数：2.00）A.in detailB.in briefC.in shortD.in all15.In this factory, suggestions often
7、have to wait for months before they are fully_.（分数：2.00）A.admittedB.acknowledgedC.absorbedD.considered16.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _a sudden loud noise.（分数：2.00）A.being thereB.should there beC.there wasD.there having been17.By the year 2050, scientists proba
8、bly_a cure for cancer.（分数：2.00）A.will be discoveringB.are discoveringC.will have discoveredD.have discovered18.Jim isnt_, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.（分数：2.00）A.gloomyB.dullC.awkwardD.tedious19.The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents
9、_.（分数：2.00）A.commandB.convictionC.consentD.compromise20.He had_on the subject.（分数：2.00）A.a rather strong opinionB.rather strong opinionC.rather the strong opinionD.the rather strong opinion二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Moral responsibility is all very well, but what about military orders? Is
10、 it not the soldiers first duty to give instant obedience to orders given by his military superiors? And apart from duty, will not the soldier suffer severe punishment, even death, if he refuses to do what he is ordered to do? If, then, a soldier is told by his superior to burn this house or to shoo
11、t that prisoner, how can he be held criminally accountable on the ground that the burning or shooting was a violation of the laws of war? These are some of the questions that are raised by the concept commonly called “superior orders“, and its use as a defense in war crimes trials. It is an issue th
12、at must be as old as the laws of war themselves, and it emerged in legal guise over three centuries ago when, after the Stuart restoration in 1660, the commander of the guards at the trial and execution of Charles I was put on trial for treason and murder. The officer defended himself on the ground
13、“that all he did was as a soldier, by the command of his superior officer whom he must obey or die,“ but the court gave him short shrift, saying that “when the command is traitorous, then the obedience to that command is also traitorous.“ Though not precisely articulated, the rule that is necessaril
14、y implied by this decision is that it is the soldiers duty to obey lawful orders, but that he may disobey and indeed must, under some circumstances unlawful orders. Such has been the law of the United States since the birth of the nation. In 1804, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that superior o
15、rders will justify a subordinates conduct only “if not to perform a prohibited act“, and there are many other early decisions to the same effect. A strikingly illustrative case occurred in the wake of that conflict of which most Englishmen have never heard (although their troops burned the White Hou
16、se) and which we call the War of 1812. Our country was badly split by that war too and, at a time when the United States Navy was not especially popular in New England, the ship-in-the-line Independence was lying in Boston Harbor. A pass-by directed abusive language at a marine standing guard on the
17、 ship, and the marine, Bevans by name, ran his bayonet through the man. Charged with murder, Bevans produced evidence that the marines on the Independence had been ordered to bayonet anyone showing them disrespect. The case was tried before Justice Joseph Story, next to Marshall, the leading judicia
18、l figure of those years, who charged that any such order as Bevans had invoked “ would be illegal and void“ , and, if given and put into practice, both the superior and the subordinate would be guilty of murder. In consequence, Bevans was convicted. The order allegedly given to Bevans was pretty dra
19、stic, and Boston Harbor was not a battlefield; perhaps it was not too much to expect the marine to realize that literal compliance might lead to bad trouble. But it is only too easy to conceive of circumstances where the matter might not be at all clear. Does the subordinate obey at peril that the o
20、rder may later be ruled illegal, or is protected unless he has a good reason to doubt its validity?（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from Para. 1 that if a soldier obeys his superiors order to burn a house or to kill a prisoner, _.（分数：2.00）A.he is right according to moral standardsB.he should not rec
21、eive any punishmentC.he should certainly be liable for his actionD.he will be convicted according to the law of war(2).What was the rule implied by the trail of the commander of the guards?（分数：2.00）A.A soldier must obey lawful orders, be he right or wrong.B.Even if an order is unlawful, the soldier
22、must still obey it.C.A soldier may or must disobey unlawful orders or he must die.D.It is the soldiers duty to obey superior orders whatever they are.(3).The phrase “to the same effect“ (Line 5, Paragraph 3) most probably means “which“ _.（分数：2.00）A.are of the similar meaningB.have the same purposeC.
23、must be put into effectD.lead to the same result(4).According to the fourth paragraph, Bevans was found guilty because he_.（分数：2.00）A.obey illegal ordersB.was accused of murderC.disobeyed the superior ordersD.offended against the law of war(5).It can be concluded from the last paragraph that the aut
24、hors attitude towards Bevans was_.（分数：2.00）A.bewilderingB.indignantC.approvingD.not quite sympatheticAmericans today dont place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical e
25、ducation not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,“ says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counter
26、balance.“ Ravitchs latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the l
27、ife of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate c
28、ountry. We will have a less civil society. “ “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,“ writes historian and Professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education
29、. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emers
30、on and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.“ Mark Twains Huckleberry Fi
31、nn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized going to school and learning to read so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative,
32、and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our countrys educational system is in the grips of
33、people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.“（分数：10.00）(1).What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?（分数：2.00）A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Profound
34、 knowledge of the world.C.Practical abilities for future career.D.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.(2).We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of_.（分数：2.00）A.undervaluing intellectB.favoring intellectualismC.supporting school reformD.suppressing native intelligence(3).The vie
35、ws of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are_.（分数：2.00）A.identicalB.similarC.complementaryD.opposite(4).Emerson, according to the text, is probably_.（分数：2.00）A.a pioneer of education reformB.an opponent of intellectualismC.a scholar in favor of intellectD.an advocate of regular schooling(5).What does
36、the author think of intellect?（分数：2.00）A.It is second to intelligence.B.It evolves from common sense.C.It is to be pursued.D.It underlies power.There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshe
37、d, and one might reasonably ask whats wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U. S. National Academy of Sciences listed “biological, individual, family, peer, schoo
38、l, and community factors“ as all playing their parts. Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality.
39、 Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “ At this time, well over 1,000 studies.point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in s
40、ome children. Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said) . When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 2
41、00 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression“, only 28% supported a connection. The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their o
42、bservations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read “aggressive“ or “non-aggressive“ words from a list, can we be sure what they are act
43、ually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction. Another appropriate step would be to tone down the cr
44、iticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In r
45、esponse, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.（分数：10.00）(1).Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games?（分数：2.00）A.There is a lot of violence in the real world today.B.Some
46、thing has gone wrong with todays society.C.Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.D.Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.(2).What is the skeptics (Line 3, Paragraph 3) view of media violence?（分数：2.00）A.Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.B.Most
47、studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers.C.A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.D.The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.(3).The author uses the term “alarmists“ (Line 1, Paragraph 5) to refer to those who_.（分数：2.00）A.u
48、se standardized measurements in the studies of media violenceB.initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on realityC.assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behaviorD.use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior(4).In refuting the alarmists, the autho
49、r advances his argument by first challenging_.（分数：2.00）A.the source and amount of their dataB.the targets of their observationC.their system of measurementD.their definition of violence(5).What does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence?（分数：2.00）A.More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.B.It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled
