1、MBA联考英语真题 2003年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. Each year, hundreds of thousands of people die from heart attack, a leading cause of death. In the Landmark Physicians Health Study at Harva
2、rd University in the United States in the late 1980s, a research team led by Dr. Hennekens studied 22, 701 healthy male physicians, half of whom were randomlyU (1) /Uto take an aspirin every other day while the others took placebos(安慰剂). After the participants had beenU (2) /Ufor an average of five
3、years, the doctors in the aspirin group were found to have suffered 44 percent fewer first heart attacks. U(3) /U, a recent international study indicates that aspirin can be beneficial for those people with a history of coronary artery(冠动脉) bypass surgery, U(4) /Uof their sex, age or whether they ha
4、ve high blood pressure or diabetes. According to a report by the American Heart Association, doctors should consider prescribingU (5) /Uaspirin for middle-aged people with a family history of, orU (6) /Ufor, heart disease. (Risk factors include smoking, being more than 20 percent overweight, high bl
5、ood pressure and lack of exercise. ) Aspirin is also a lifesaver during heart attacks. Paramedics now give it routinely, and experts urge anyone with chest pain, U(7) /Uif it spreads to the neck, shoulder or an arm, or is accompanied by sweating, nausea (恶心), lightheadedness and breathing difficulty
6、 to chew and U(8) /Uan aspirin tablet immediately. When taking aspirin for heart attack, U(9) /Uthe plain, uncoated variety. For even faster absorption, crush and mix with a little water. Speed of absorption is critical because most heart attack deaths occurU (10) /Uthe first few hours after chest p
7、ain strikes. （分数：20.00）A.expectedB.demandedC.assignedD.advisedA.followedB.examinedC.monitoredD.experienced2A.MeanwhileB.Above allC.HoweverD.In additionA.in spiteB.regardlessC.carelessD.whateverA.low-doseB.high-amountC.moreD.rightA.readyB.at riskC.maybeD.in dangerA.naturallyB.apparentlyC.especiallyD.
8、furthermoreA.eatB.swallowC.digestD.assimilateA.chooseB.useC.hold outD.pick outA.forB.alongC.withinD.except二、BSection Readi(总题数：5，分数：40.00)BPart A/BDirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions blow each passage by choosing A, B, C and D BText 1/BA little more than a century ago,
9、 Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electro-chemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work. After observing the demonstrations closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly, “Its a fasc
10、inating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?“ “I dont know,“ replied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now youll be taxing them. “ From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, inv
11、olved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4, 000 years ago to t
12、he workings of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms . to Hannibals remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 BCwith 90, 000 foot soldiers, 12, 000 horsemen and a “conveyor belt“ of 40 elephants . or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual
13、 freedom and equality. These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, division of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerging professio
14、n was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes, among them John Kays Flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Cromptons Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwrights Power Loom in 1
15、785 （分数：8.00）(1).The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that_.（分数：2.00）A.politicians tax everythingB.people are skeptical about the values of pure researchC.government should support scientistsD.he was rejected by his government(2).Management is defined as_.（分数：2.00）A.the creator of the Indust
16、rial RevolutionB.supervising subordinatesC.the art of getting things doneD.an emerging profession(3).Management came into its own_.（分数：2.00）A.in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firmsB.in Hannibals famous trip across the AlpsC.in the development of early Christian ChurchD.in the eight
17、eenth century(4).A problem of management NOT mentioned in this passage is_.（分数：2.00）A.the problem of commandB.division of laborC.control by authorityD.competitionBText 2/BBy education, I mean the influence of the environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in the habits of behavior
18、, of thought and of attitude. It is in being thus susceptible(容易受影响的) to the environment that man differs from the animals, and the higher animals from the lower. The lower animals are influenced by the environment but not in the direction of changing their habits. Their instinctive responses are fe
19、w and fixed by heredity (遗传；继承). When transferred to an unnatural situation, such an animal is led astray by its instincts. Thus the “ ant-lion“ whose instinct implies it to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards with abdomen (腹部), goes backwards on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, a
20、nd endeavors, with the utmost exertions to bore into it. It knows no other mode of flight, “or if such a lonely animal is engaged upon a chain of actions and is interrupted, it either goes on vainly with the remaining actions (as useless as cultivating an unsown field) or dies in helpless inactivity
21、“. Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion (堡垒) of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencil. Advance in the scale of evolution along such lines as these c
22、ould only be made by the emergence of creatures with more and more complicated instincts. Such beings we know in the ants and spiders. But another line of advance was destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility of which we do not see the end perhaps even in man. Habits, instead of bein
23、g born ready-made (when they are called instincts and not habits at all) were left more and more to the formative influence of the environment, of which the most important factor was the parent who now cared for the young animal during a period of infancy in which vaguer instincts than those of the
24、insects were molded to suit surroundings which might be considerably changed without harm. This means, one might at first imagine, that gradually heredity becomes less and environment more important. But this is hardly the truth and certainly not the whole truth. For although fixed automatic respons
25、es like those of the insect-like creatures are no longer inherited, although selection for purification of that sort is no longer going on, yet selection for educability is very definitely still of importance. The ability to acquire habits can be conceivably inherited just as much as can definite re
26、sponses to narrow situations. Besides, since a mechanism-is now, for the first time, created by which the individual (in contradiction to the species) can be fitted to the environment, the latter becomes, in another sense, less not more important. And finally, less not the higher animals who possess
27、 the power of changing their environment by engineering feats and the like, a power possessed to some extent even by the beaver (海狸), and preeminently(卓越地) by man. Environment and heredity are in no case exclusive but always supplementary factors. （分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following is the most suit
28、able title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The Evolution of Insects.B.Environment and Heredity.C.Education: The Influence of the Environment.D.The Instincts of Animals.(2).What can be inferred from the example of the ant-lion in the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Instincts of animals can lead to unreasonable
29、 reactions in strange situations.B.When it is engaged in a chain actions it cannot be interrupted.C.Environment and heredity are two supplementary factors in the evolution of insects.D.Along the lines of evolution heredity becomes less and environment more important.(3).Based on the example provided
30、 in the passage, we can tell that when a spider is removed to a new position where half of a net has been made, it will probably_.（分数：2.00）A.begin a completely new netB.destroy the half-netC.spin the rest of the netD.stay away from the net(4).Which of the following is true about habits according to
31、the passage?（分数：2.00）A.They are natural endowments to living creatures.B.They are more important than instincts to all animals.C.They are subject to the formative influence of the environment.D.They are destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility in the evolution of human beings.BText
32、3/BOne of the saddest things about the period in which we live is the growing estrangement(疏远) between America and Europe. This may be a surprising discovery to those who are over impressed by the speed with which turbojets can hop from New York to Paris. But to anyone who is aware of what America o
33、nce meant to English libertarian poets and philosophers, to the young Ibsen bitterly excoriating (痛斥) European royalty for the murder of Lincoln, to Italian novelists and poets translating the nineteenth century American classics as a demonstration against Fascism, there is something particularly di
34、squieting in the way that the European Left, historically “ pro-American“ because it identified America with expansive democracy, now punishes America with Europes lack of hope in the future. Although America has obviously not fulfilled the visionary hope entertained for it in the romantic heyday, A
35、mericans have, until recently, thought of themselves as an idea, a “proposition“ (in Lincolns word) set up for the enlightenment and the improvement of mankind. Officially, we live by our original principles; we insist on this boastfully and even inhumanly. And it is precisely this steadfastness to
36、principle that irks(使苦恼，使厌烦) Europeans who under so many pressures have had to shift and to change, to compromise and to retreat. Historically, the obstinacy of Americas faith in “principles“ has been staggering-the sacrament(神圣) of the Constitution, the legacy of the Founding Fathers, the moral rig
37、htness of all our policies, the invincibility of our faith in the equality and perfectibility of man. From the European point of view, there is something impossibly romantic, visionary, and finally outrageous about an attachment to political formulas that arose even before a European revolutionary d
38、emocracy was born of the French Revolution, and that have survived all the socialist utopias and internationals. Americans honestly insist on the equality of men even when they deny this equality in practice; they hold fast to romantic doctrines of perfectibility even when such doctrines contradict
39、their actual or their formal faith whether it be as scientists or as orthodox Christians. It is a fact that while Americans as a people are notoriously empirical, pragmatic, and unintellectual, they live their lives against a background of unalterable national shibboleths (陈旧的语句).The same abundance
40、of theory that allowed Walt Whitman to fill out his poetry with philosophical road signs of American optimism allows a president to make pious references to God. As an American tradition-references which, despite their somewhat mechanical quality, are not only sincere but which, to most Americans, e
41、xpress the reality of America. （分数：8.00）(1).The writer uses the example of Ibsen and others to maintain that_.（分数：2.00）A.Europeans do not have the proper appreciation of the United StatesB.Europeans have made a notable shift in attitude toward the United StatesC.American culture has been rediscovere
42、d by EuropeansD.Europeans no longer feel that there should be an exchange of ideas with Americans(2).The writer states that, until recently, Americans thought of their country as a_.（分数：2.00）A.source of enlightenmentB.leader in technological progressC.recipient of a European heritageD.peacemaker(3).
43、The author states that American democracy in practice sometimes is in conflict with _.（分数：2.00）A.theoretical notions of equalityB.other political systemsC.Europes best interestsD.both A and B(4).Which of the following was NOT mentioned by the author as an American principle?（分数：2.00）A.Equality of ma
44、n.B.Moral rightness as American policy decisions.C.Mans capacity to become perfect.D.The inviolability(不可侵犯) of the individuals integrity.BText 4/BThe truly incompetent may never know the depths of their own incompetence, a pair of social psychologists said on Thursday. “We found again and again tha
45、t people who perform poorly relative to their peers(同等人) tended to think that they did rather well,“ Justin Kruger, co-author of a study on the subject, said in a telephone interview. Kruger and co-author David Dunning found that when it came to a variety of skills-logical reasoning, grammar, even s
46、ense of humor-people who essentially were inept (无能的；愚蠢的) never realized it, while those who had some ability were self-critical. It had little to do with innate modesty, Kruger said, but rather with a central paradox: Incompetents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically. O
47、nce they get those skills, they know where they stand, even if that is at the bottom. Americans and Western Europeans especially had an unrealistically sunny assessment of their own capabilities, Dunning said by telephone in a separate interview, while Japanese and Koreans tended to give a reasonabl
48、e assessment of their performance. In certain areas, such as athletic performance, which can be easily quantified, there is less self-delusion (欺骗), the researchers said. But even in some cases in which the failure should seem obvious, the perpetrator is blithely(愉快地；快活地) unaware of the problem. Thi
49、s was especially true in the area of logical reasoning, where research subjects + students at Cornell University, where the two researchers were based + often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed(搞得一团糟) all questions in a reasoning test. Later, when the students were instructed in logical reasoning, they scored better on a test but rated themselves lower, having learned what constituted compet
