1、华中科技大学考博英语-3 及答案解析(总分：99.99，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Translation(总题数：6，分数：100.00)Our attitudes towards daydreaming have been much like our attitudes towards dreaming in our sleep. Night dreaming was once thought to interfere with normal sleep, to rob us of necessary rest. But experiments have indicated that dre
2、ams are a normal part of sleep, and that dreaming each night is necessary for mental health. 1 Dr. William Dement, who is experimenting on the significance of dreaming at Sinai Hospital in New York, reports that those subjects whose dreams are interrupted regularly exhibit emotional disturbances: hi
3、gh blood pressure, anxiety, irritability, and difficulty in concentrating. “One of the subjects,“ Dr. Dement reported, “left the study in apparent alarm, and two insisted on stopping, presumably because the stress was too great.“ As soon as the subjects were allowed to dream again, all psychological
4、 disturbances vanished. Prolonged daydream deprivation also results in mounting anxiety and tension. And many daydream-deprived people find that eventually the need can no longer be suppressed: daydreaming erupts spontaneously. 2 During times of stress, daydreaming erects a temporary shield against
5、reality, in much the same way that building a house protects our bodies from the elements. Both may be seen as forms of escapism, but no one wants to spend life in an unrelieved battle for survival. We are entitled to occasional strategic withdrawals to regroup our forces. Recent research on daydrea
6、ming indicates that it is an essential part of daily life. Daydreaming, it has been discovered, is an effective means of relaxation. But the beneficial effects of daydreaming go beyond that. 3 Experiments conducted by Dr. Joan T. Freyberg, a New York City psychotherapist, showed that daydreaming sig
7、nificantly helps intellectual growth, powers of concentration, attention span, and the ability to communicate with others. Dr. Freyberg also discovered that her patients who easily engaged in fantasy-making usually responded more quickly to treatment.（分数：15.00）_In addition to the physical environmen
8、t, the influence of great people has played an important role. Although people like Shotoku Taishi (圣德太子) have had a great influence on Japanese culture, perhaps the person who has had the most impact is Confucius, who lived in China 2500 years ago. One of his most important ideas was that everyone
9、should know their place in society. 4 In this vertical society, older people were above younger people, teachers above students, men above women, and so on. Higher ranking people were responsible for those lower than them, but lower ranking people had to show respect and be loyal to those above them
10、. Other Confucian ideas that remain strong in modem Japan are harmony, loyalty and perseverance. Europeans who first settled in North America came from societies that already had ideas about individual freedoms, which began with the ancient Greeks. 5 During the Renaissance, people such as Martin Lut
11、her further encouraged individualism by saying that an individual“s ideas about the Bible were more important than the church“s teaching. Thus, feudalism disappeared from Europe 500 years ago, while in Japan it disappeared only in the last century. Leaders like Thomas Jefferson, who supported the id
12、ea that all people are created equal, helped to shape America into a more horizontal society. 6 Such ideas about equality are completely opposite to the teachings of Confucius, who said a social hierarchy is necessary to keep order in society. Although there is still discrimination in North America,
13、 the people strongly dislike the idea of a vertical society.（分数：15.00）_Usually the wordless communication acts to qualify the words. What the nonverbal elements express very often, and very efficiently, is the emotional side of the message. 7 When a person feels liked or disliked, often it“s a case
14、of “not what he said but the way he said it“. Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has devised this formula: total impact of a message =7 percent verbal + 38 percent vocal + 55 percent facial. The importance of the voice can be seen when you consider that even the words “I hate you“ can be made to sound se
15、xy. Experts in kinesics, the study of communication through body movement, are not prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gestures. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something. But there are other possible interpretations, too. 8 For examp
16、le, when a student in conversation with a professor holds the older man“s eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be a sign of respect and affection; it can be a challenge to the professor“s authority; or it can be something else entirely. The expert looks for patterns in the context, not for an
17、isolated meaningful gesture. There are times when what a person says with his body gives the lie to what he is saying with his tongue. Sigmund Freud once wrote: “No mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips; betrayal oozes out of him at every pore“ 9 Thus, a m
18、an may successfully control his face, and appear calm and self-controlled, unaware that signs of tension and anxiety are leaking out, and that his foot is beating on the floor constantly and restlessly. Rage is another emotion feet and legs may reveal. During arguments the feet often become tense. F
19、ear sometimes produces barely perceptible funning notions, a kind nervous leg jiggle. Then there are the subtle, provocative leg gestures that women use, consciously and unconsciously.（分数：15.00）_There is no doubt that adults, and even highly educated adults, vary greatly in the speed and efficiency
20、of their reading. Some proceed very slowly throughout; others dash along too quickly and then have to regress. 10 Poor readers in particular may lack the ability to vary their manner of reading according to the type of reading matter and to their intentions in reading it. A good reader can move at g
21、reat speed through the text of a novel or similar light reading matter. He may be able to skim a page, picking up a word or two here and there, and gain a general idea of what the text is about without really reading it. 11 In reading more difficult material, with the intention of taking in the whol
22、e of it, he will proceed more slowly, but even then he will vary his pace, concentrating on the key words and passages, perhaps re-reading them several times and pass more quickly over the remainder. A less efficient reader tends to maintain the same speed whatever the material he reads. Consequentl
23、y, even light reading matter gives him little pleasure because he reads so slowly. But this pace may be too fast for really difficult material, which requires special concentration at difficult points. 12 A type of reading which necessitates careful attention to detail is proofreading, in which the
24、reader, in order to detect misprints in a sample print, has to notice not so much the meaning of what he reads as the exact shape and order of letters and words in the text. This is extremely difficult for most people, since they are accustomed to overlooking such details. In fact, considerable prac
25、tice is required to practice this task efficiently and it can be done only by reading very slowly, and by paying comparatively little attention to the general meaning of the text.（分数：15.00）_The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent abundance. Stores and shop
26、s are choked with food. Rationing is virtually suspended, and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy, there is widespread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising, when there seems to be so much more food about? Is the abundance only tempor
27、ary, or has it come to stay? Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home? No one knows what to expect. 13 The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain
28、harvests in North America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain“s overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen. 14 But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices
29、, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it. 15 Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when wor
30、ld prices have begun to fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home-produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be enabled to benefit from this trend. The significance of these
31、developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seen it all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market.（分数：18.00）_The word “conservation“ has a thrifty meaning. 16 To
32、 conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had this foolish ide
33、a that the treasures were “limitless“ and “inexhaustible“. 17 Most of the citizens or earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later
34、be harmful to all the others. For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone“s daily life. To know about the water table (地下水位) in the ground is just as important
35、to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and river must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of pl
36、anting trees as well as of cutting them. 18 We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man“s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restor
37、e as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.（分数：21.99）_华中科技大学考博英语-3 答案解析(总分：99.99，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Translation(总题数：6，分数：100.00)Our attitudes towards daydreaming have been much like our attitudes towards dreaming in our sleep. Night dreaming was once thought to interfere with normal sleep, to ro
38、b us of necessary rest. But experiments have indicated that dreams are a normal part of sleep, and that dreaming each night is necessary for mental health. 1 Dr. William Dement, who is experimenting on the significance of dreaming at Sinai Hospital in New York, reports that those subjects whose drea
39、ms are interrupted regularly exhibit emotional disturbances: high blood pressure, anxiety, irritability, and difficulty in concentrating. “One of the subjects,“ Dr. Dement reported, “left the study in apparent alarm, and two insisted on stopping, presumably because the stress was too great.“ As soon
40、 as the subjects were allowed to dream again, all psychological disturbances vanished. Prolonged daydream deprivation also results in mounting anxiety and tension. And many daydream-deprived people find that eventually the need can no longer be suppressed: daydreaming erupts spontaneously. 2 During
41、times of stress, daydreaming erects a temporary shield against reality, in much the same way that building a house protects our bodies from the elements. Both may be seen as forms of escapism, but no one wants to spend life in an unrelieved battle for survival. We are entitled to occasional strategi
42、c withdrawals to regroup our forces. Recent research on daydreaming indicates that it is an essential part of daily life. Daydreaming, it has been discovered, is an effective means of relaxation. But the beneficial effects of daydreaming go beyond that. 3 Experiments conducted by Dr. Joan T. Freyber
43、g, a New York City psychotherapist, showed that daydreaming significantly helps intellectual growth, powers of concentration, attention span, and the ability to communicate with others. Dr. Freyberg also discovered that her patients who easily engaged in fantasy-making usually responded more quickly to treatment.（分数：15.00）_正确答案：()解析：威廉姆迪曼博士正在纽约的西奈医院研究做梦的重要性，他说，那些做梦时经常被打扰的受试者会出现情绪紊乱：高血压、焦虑症、烦躁不安、无法集中注意力。_正确答案：()解析：在面临压力时，白日梦为我们竖起一个临时的回避现实的屏障，正像一座可以保护我们免受风雨侵袭的房屋一样。_正确答案：()解析：纽约的精神治疗师琼福莱博格博士所做的试验显示，白日梦能够显著地促进智力发展，增
