1、华中科技大学考博英语模拟试卷 6及答案与解析 一、 Cloze 0 Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third major【 C1】 _to consider the role of government. Government has a powerful【 C2】 _on the economy in at least four ways: Direct Services. The postal system, for example, is a f
2、ederal system【 C3】 _the entire nation, as is the large and complex establishment. Conversely, the construction and【 C4】 _of most highways the【 C5】 _of the individual states, and the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government, are primarily【 C6】 _for by country
3、 or city governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation【 C7】 _are also the responsibilities of local government. Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls. Private【 C8】_in many ways, for the【 C9】 _of assuring that business serves the best【 C10】 _of the people as a whole.
4、Regulation is necessary in areas where private enterprise is granted a【 C11】 _, such as in telephone or electric service. Public policy permits such companies to make a reasonable【 C12】 _, but limits their ability to raise prices【 C13】 _since the public depends on their services. Often control is【 C
5、14】 _to protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of【 C15】 _in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control. Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government, in
6、cluding Congress and such entities as the Federal Reserve Board attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust, of inflation and depression, by【 C16】 _tax rates, the money supply, and the use of credit. They can also【 C17】 _ the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the gover
7、nment itself. Direct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to【 C18】 _and individuals. For example, tariffs【 C19】 _certain products to remain relatively free of foreign competition; imports are sometimes taxed so that American products are able to【 C20】 _better with certain foreign g
8、oods. In quite a different area, government supports individuals who cannot adequately care for themselves, by making grants to working parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and the indigent, and through social welfare system. 1 【 C1】 （ A） economy （ B） horror （ C） m
9、agnifier （ D） element 2 【 C2】 （ A） elevation （ B） emotion （ C） effect （ D） election 3 【 C3】 （ A） dripping （ B） serving （ C） diverging （ D） clamping 4 【 C4】 （ A） clearance （ B） combustion （ C） commence （ D） maintenance 5 【 C5】 （ A） commonplace （ B） responsibility （ C） conductivity （ D） consequence 6
10、【 C6】 （ A） consoled （ B） compacted （ C） paid （ D） bracketed 7 【 C7】 （ A） services （ B） boycotts （ C） budgets （ D） charters 8 【 C8】 （ A） banquet （ B） boom （ C） arena （ D） enterprise 9 【 C9】 （ A） assertion （ B） purpose （ C） asset （ D） assumption 10 【 C10】 （ A） admiration （ B） interests （ C） adoption （
11、 D） accuracy 11 【 C11】 （ A） monopoly （ B） acceptance （ C） abolition （ D） morality 12 【 C12】 （ A） proximity （ B） blend （ C） breast （ D） profit 13 【 C13】 （ A） fairly （ B） unfairly （ C） friendly （ D） unnecessarily 14 【 C14】 （ A） exercised （ B） broadened （ C） bankrupted （ D） exemplified 15 【 C15】 （ A） f
12、aculty （ B） quantity （ C） quality （ D） fragment 16 【 C16】 （ A） applauding （ B） assessing （ C） ascending （ D） adjusting 17 【 C17】 （ A） affect （ B） accommodate （ C） adhere （ D） affirm 18 【 C18】 （ A） beverage （ B） businesses （ C） bondage （ D） botany 19 【 C19】 （ A） perplex （ B） permit （ C） perturb （ D）
13、plunder 20 【 C20】 （ A） compensate （ B） confront （ C） console （ D） compete 二、 Reading Comprehension 20 Naturally, in a group of animals as diverse as the snakes, and with so many varied enemies, there are numerous defensive reactions and devices. There is, however, one general pattern of behavior. In
14、 the presence of suspected enemy the first reaction is to try to escape observation; if this fails, the next resort is the flight to some inaccessible retreat, but if this is not possible, or is circumvented, various kinds of intimidatory gestures and warning devices are brought into play; in the la
15、st resort the snake attacks. This pattern varies with the circumstances; some stages may be omitted or combined unpredictably whilst; some notoriously irascible species may dispense with all the preliminaries and attack almost at once, though seldom or never without some provocation. Amongst the fac
16、tors that increase aggressiveness are hunger, the mating season and surprise, with the last mentioned the commonest; when hunting for food or for mate, activity and the aggressive instinct are both at their peak. Owing to their poor sense of hearing snakes are very liable to be, quite literally, cau
17、ght napping and a similar situation arises during their periods of temporary blindness just before sloughing(蜕皮 )begins. By far the greatest number of snake-bit accidents result from the unwitting disturbance of resting snakes, and this hazard is much increased with species that are well disguised a
18、nd whose natural instinct is to trust to this concealment as their principal defense. As well as differences in aggressiveness between individuals of the same species according to the circumstances and conditions, there are also notable differences between species, even closely allied species; and t
19、he reports of those who have been attacked may understandably be lacking in objectivity. So it is impossible to forecast, even in outline, how any encounter will develop. The Hamadryad, for example, is usually credited with being amongst the most aggressive of snakes, and there are many accounts of
20、unprovoked attacks, yet on one occasion fourteen men and seven dogs passed and returned within two yards from a nest and no snake was seen although the female, which guards the nest, could not have been far away. 21 When a snake meets a potential enemy, its primary device is_. （ A） avoiding any obse
21、rvation （ B） finding a safe shelter （ C） giving a warning threat （ D） starting a quick attack 22 By “dispense with all the preliminaries“(Line 7, Para. 1), the author most probably means that_. （ A） the snakes combine all the previous three steps （ B） the snakes give up all the previous three steps
22、（ C） the snakes follow all the previous steps one by one （ D） the snakes reverse the order of all the previous steps 23 A snake is most aggressive when_. （ A） it meets a possible enemy （ B） it is caught when it is sleeping or sloughing （ C） it is disturbed unknowingly （ D） it seeks a partner in the
23、mating season 24 It is difficult to predict what would happen when a snake meets a man because_. （ A） no one has ever clearly known how he himself was bit （ B） man tends to be subjective when he describes his encounter with a snake （ C） the aggressiveness of the snakes diversifies according to diffe
24、rent situations （ D） a snake does not begin to attack without provocation 25 The author uses the example in the last paragraph to support his idea that_. （ A） snakes do not begin the aggressive act if it is not disturbed （ B） some snakes are more aggressive and more ready to attack （ C） it is hard t
25、o forecast whether and how snakes would attack （ D） snakes often conceal themselves as their principal defense 25 It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the
26、 authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subsc
27、ribe to the journal. No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and
28、 Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It
29、signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated
30、 at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2, 000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1. 2 million articles each year in some 16, 000 journals. This is now
31、 changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal
32、 titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support instituti
33、onal repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed openaccess, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the pee
34、r-review process, at least for the publication of papers. 26 In the first paragraph, the author discusses_. （ A） the background information of journal editing （ B） the publication routine of laboratory reports （ C） the relations of authors with journal publishers （ D） the traditional process of jour
35、nal publication 27 Which of the following is true of the OECD report? （ A） It criticizes government-funded research. （ B） It introduces an effective means of publication. （ C） It upsets profit-making journal publishers. （ D） It benefits scientific research considerably. 28 According to the text, onl
36、ine publication is significant in that_. （ A） it provides an easier access to scientific results （ B） it brings huge profits to scientific researchers （ C） it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge （ D） it facilitates public investment in scientific research 29 With the open-access publ
37、ishing model, the author of a paper is required to_. （ A） cover the cost of its publication （ B） subscribe to the journal publishing it （ C） allow other online journals to use it freely （ D） complete the peer-review before submission 30 Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the tex
38、t? （ A） The Internet is posing a threat to publishers. （ B） A new mode of publication is emerging. （ C） Authors welcome the new channel for publication. （ D） Publication is rendered easier by online service. 30 Last year, when President George W. Bush announced that federal funds could be used to su
39、pport research on human embryonic stem cells, he mandated that only those cell lines that existed at the time would qualify for such support. More than a year later, its becoming increasingly clear that these existing cell lines are inadequate. Unless more are created, the research slowdown may exac
40、t a staggering cost in terms of human suffering. Since this announcement, the US National Institutes of Health has tried to stimulate research on. the existing cell lines with new funding and efforts to streamline the initially cumbersome process of obtaining approved cells. However, whether there a
41、re 60 cell lines, as originally stated, or nine, as now appear to be available to NIH-funded investigators, the number is not adequate. Given the genetic diversity within the population, scientists need access to new cell lines if they are to come up with the most effective cell therapies. The issue
42、 is partly one of safety. In conducting research with human participants, we must minimize risks. The most effective cell line might not be the safest. When developing a new medicine, a large number of molecules must be screened to find a balance between effectiveness and safety. The same is true wi
43、th cells. In the context of cell therapy, it will be important to minimize unwanted immune reactions and inflammation this requires selection from a large number of cell lines to obtain the best match. Its clear from experiments with animals that stem-cell therapies can reduce human suffering as Par
44、kinsonian mice have been cured with embryonic stem cells that were programmed to become dopamine-secreting, replacement nerve ceils. Soon, cells induced to make insulin in tissue cultures will be used in attempts to treat diabetic mice. Similar successes have been achieved in animal models of spinal
45、-cord injury, heart failure and other degenerative disorders. We are at a frontier in medicine where tissues will be restored in ways that were not imaginable just a few years ago. The ethical issues raised by human-embryo research are profound. The human costs of restricting this research must be t
46、aken into account as well. The cost in dollars of delaying new stem-cell research is difficult to estimate. It might measure in the hundreds of billions of dollars, especially if one adds the lost productivity of individuals who must leave work to care for victims of degenerative disorders. A less o
47、bvious, but real, cost is the damage to the fabric of Americas extraordinary culture of inquiry and technical development in biomedical science. Our universities and teaching hospitals are unparalleled. We attract the very best students, scientists and physicians from around the world. But these ins
48、titutions are fragile. Research and education play key roles in attracting the best physicians. A crippled research enterprise might add an unbearable stress with long-lasting effects on the entire system. If revolutionary new therapies are delayed or outlawed, we could be set back for years, if not
49、 decades. To steer clear of controversy, some investigators will redirect their research. Others will emigrate to countries where such research is allowed and encouraged. Some will drop out entirely. The pall cast over the science community could extend far beyond stem-cell research. Many therapies have emerged from collaboration between government-sponsored researchers and private enterprise. Few of these discoveries would have emerged if
