1、湖北大学真题 2009年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：30.00)In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories
2、 and piped music and by psychologists and “human-relation“ experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not whole heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic pu
3、ppets (木偶) who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The workers and employees are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die wi
4、thout ever having confronted the fundamental realties of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in
5、some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From tha
6、t moment on they are tested again and again by psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etC. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow- competitors creates constant anx
7、iety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to the 19th-century “free-enterprise“ capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest tr
8、ansforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialitiesthose of love and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangements. Produ
9、ction and consumption should serve only as a means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.（分数：7.50）(1).By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery“ the author intends to render the idea that man is _.A. an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smooth
10、lyB. a necessary part of the society though each individuals function is negligibleC. a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothlyD. working in complete harmony with the rest of the society（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that
11、_.A. they are faced with the fundamental realties of human existenceB. they are deprived of their independence and productivityC. they are likely to lose their satisfactory jobsD. they are farther away from genuine life（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Those who are on the higher social ladder would feel more pe
12、aceful and secure if they could _.A. get higher salary and more self-respectB. have more chance to be further promotedC. prove better than their fellow-competitorsD. keep far away from this competitive world（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should
13、_.A. offer higher wages to the workers and employeesB. resort to the production mode of our ancestorsC. enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD. take the fundamental realties for granted（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The authors attitude towards industrialism might be best summarized as one of the _.A
14、. approval B. dissatisfaction C. suspicion D. tolerance（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth
15、and human beings. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to
16、rain forests in terms of richness of life.An alien exploring the Earth would probably give priority to the planets dominant, most distinctive featurethe ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize th
17、at landmasses occupy one-third of the Earths surface. Given that two-thirds of the Earths surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three- dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of
18、 all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of species. One scientist found many different species o
19、f ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750 000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis
20、 than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.To appreciate fully the diversity of abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water co
21、ntains life on the order of 100 to 100 000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvas or organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.（分数：7.50）(1).What is the main point of the passage?A. Humans are destroying thousands of species.
22、B. There are thousands of insect species.C. The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests. D. Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).Why does the author compare coral reefs with rain forests (Para.1)?A. They share many similar species.B. They are approximately the same s
23、ize.C. Most of their inhabitants require water.D. Both have many different forms of life.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).The passage suggests that most rain forest species are _.A. insects B. bacteria C. mammals D. birds（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than
24、 in the rain forest because _.A. there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctionsB. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the seaC. many insect species are too small to divide into categoriesD. marine life-forms reproduce at a faster pace（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the follow
25、ing conclusions is supported by the passage?A. Ocean life is highly adaptive.B. Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.C. The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.D. More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.Science is an enterp
26、rise concerned with gaining information about causality, or the relationship between cause and effect. A simple example of a cause is the movement of a paddle as it strikes a ping-pong ball; the effect is the movement of the ball through the air. In psychology and other sciences, the word “cause“ is
27、 often replaced by the term “independent variable“. This term implies that the experimenter is often “free“ to vary the independent variable as he or she desires (for example, the experimenter can control the speed of the paddle as it strikes the ball). The term “dependent variable“ replaces the wor
28、d “effect“, and this term is used because the effect depends on some characteristic of the independent variable (the flight of the ball depends on the speed of the paddle). The conventions of science demand that both the independent and dependent variables be observable events, as is the case in the
29、 ping-pong example. In the case of biorhythm theory, the independent variable is the number of days that have elapsed between a persons date of birth and some test day. The dependent variable is the persons level of performance on some specified task on the test day. Notice that although the experim
30、enter is not free to choose a birthday for a given individual, persons with different dates of birth can be tested on the same day, or a single subject can be tested on several different days.In order to predict the relationship between independent and dependent variables, many scientific theories m
31、ake use of what are called intervening variables. Intervening variables are purely theoretical concepts that cannot be observed directly. To predict the flight of a ping-pong ball, Newtonian physics relies on a number of intervening variables; including force, mass, air resistance, and gravity. You
32、can probably anticipate that the intervening variables of biorhythm theory are the three bodily cycles with their specified time periods. It should be emphasized that not all psychological theories include intervening variables, and some psychologists object to their use precisely because they are n
33、ot directly observable.The final major component of a scientific theory is its syntax, or the rules and definitions that state how the independent and dependent variables are to be measured, and that specify the relationships among independent variables, intervening variables, and dependent variable
34、s. It is the syntax of biorhythm theory that describes how to use a persons birthday to calculate the current status of the three cycles. The syntax also relates the cycles to the dependent variable, performance, by stating that positive cycles should cause high levels of performance whereas low or
35、critical cycles should cause low performance levels. To summarize, the components of a scientific theory can be divided into four major categories: independent variables, dependent variables, intervening variables, and syntax.（分数：7.50）(1).Based on the passage, causality may have the meaning that _.A
36、. cause and effect can be independent of each otherB. there is hardly anything that happens without a causeC. dependent and independent variables affect each otherD. cause and effect may vary respectively in most events（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).According to biorhythm theory, _.A. ones behavior can be pre
37、dicted by knowing his or her birthdayB. nobody can choose his or her date of birth as he or she wishesC. an individuals performance is irrelevant to his or her birthdayD. a persons level of performance varies according to the test date（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Many theories for predicting the relationshi
38、p between cause and effect _.A. testify their complete conformity with general scientific principlesB. justify the identity of dependent, independent, and intervening variablesC. specify the time periods of bodily cycles in terms of psychological testsD. verify their prediction by variables inconsis
39、tent with conventions of science（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The example of the ping-pong ball is used to _.A. indicate a hard nut to crack in physicsB. predict variables in a persons performanceC. prove a common feature most theories haveD. show the negligibility of intervening variables（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5
40、).The word “syntax“ used in the last paragraph refers to the _.A. rules used for ordering and connecting words in a sentenceB. principles defining the connections among different variablesC. definitions describing the impact of biorhythm on ones behaviorD. criteria measuring a persons performance le
41、vels with biorhythm（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.Americans today dont place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical educationnot to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Sympto
42、ms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual, “ says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.“ Ravitchs latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed Sch
43、ool Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.
44、 Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “we will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society. “Intellect is resented a
45、s a form of power or privilege, “ writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life. a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in U. S. politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democra
46、tic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and
47、rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing. “ Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti- intellectualism. Its hero avoids be
48、ing civilizedgoing to school and learning to readso he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, ma
49、nipulate, reorder, and adjust, while intellect examines, thinks, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our countrys educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise. /（分数：7.50）(1).What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?A. The habit of thinking independent
