1、湖北大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 2010年及答案解析(总分：100.01，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：20.00)For most of us, work is the central, dominating factor of life. We spend more than half our conscious hours at work, preparing for work, traveling to and from work. What we do there largely determines our standard
2、 of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as well. It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important, the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner; that because more work is pretty intolerable, the people who do
3、it should compensate for its boredom, frustrations and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives. I reject that as a counsel of despair. For the foreseeable future the material and psychological rewards which work can provide, and the conditions in which work is don
4、e, will continue to play a vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer. Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done; only for a small minority does work offer scope for creativity, imagination, or initiative. Ineq
5、uality at work and in work is still one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society. We can not hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life, many of which arise directly 0r indirectly from the inequality at work. Still less can we hope to create a decent and hu
6、mane society. The most glaring inequality is that between managers and the rest. For most managers, work is an opportunity and a challenge. Their jobs engage their interest and allow them to develop their abilities. They are able to exercise responsibility; they have a considerable degree of control
7、 over their own and the others working lives. Most important of all, they have the opportunity to initiate. By contrast, for most manual workers, work is a boring, monotonous, even painful experience. They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable for themsel
8、ves by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue. The majority have little control over their work; it provides them with no opportunity for personal development. Often production is so designed that workers are simply part of the technology. In offices, many jobs are so routin
9、e that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine. As a direct consequence of their work experience, many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm, whether it is in public or in private ownership. （分数：4.00）(1).According to the author, its true about
10、work that _. （分数：1.00）A.ones happy life largely depends on whether his work is rewardingB.concentrating on your work is a counsel when you are in despairC.people should try to avoid the intolerable unfairness of workD.dignity becomes more and more important than work(2).What advantage do managers ha
11、ve over the other workers? （分数：1.00）A.They can control other peoples lives.B.They can make their own decisions.C.They can work at whatever interests them.D.They can get time off to attend courses.(3).Working conditions generally remain bad because _. （分数：1.00）A.the workers lose their interests to ch
12、ange themB.few people can decide what to do about themC.office workers want to protect their positionsD.managers do not want to change them(4).What frustrates the workers in a modern society? （分数：1.00）A.Their work interferes with their private lives.B.They are incapable of doing their work properly.
13、C.They feel they are just a small and subordinate part of it.D.Their lives are complicated due to technological advances.The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and the selective receptivity to foreign achievements and
14、inventions. As early as 1860s there were counter movement to the traditional orientation. One of the famous spokesmen of Japans “Enlightenment“ claimed “the Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense
15、 of independence in the spiritual sphere. “ Another break of relative liberalism followed World War , when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and especially students; but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik
16、 Revolution. Again, in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant. Following the end of World War , substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restrains. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellec
17、tuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar. Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Ja
18、panese people in social and political life. School textbooks emphasize equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egois
19、tic and materialistic ones. Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but leftovers of the old order remain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions, including political parties and universities is, the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. The corresponding lo
20、yalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oya
21、bun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence
22、, there is little horizontal relationship between people with the same profession. （分数：4.00）(1).The spokesman of Japans “Enlightenment“ thought that _. （分数：1.00）A.the traditional culture should be replaced by western modernizationB.Japanese ought to forsake the Confucian civilization of the EastC.th
23、e Confucian civilization in Japan should be dominantD.Japan should introduce western civilization(2).Which of the following statements about Japans culture is true? （分数：1.00）A.Substantial changes in democratic process have taken place during World War .B.Nowadays the traditional Confucianism is a ne
24、cessary part of the society in Japan.C.Today the Confucianism outweighs the democratic value system in universities of Japan.D.The democratic idea was not accepted by the society after World War .(3).The relationship of oyabun-kobun can be one between _. （分数：1.00）A.a shop owner and a customerB.a CEO
25、 and an employeeC.a politician and an opponentD.a judge and a lawyer(4).In the last paragraph, the author implies that _. （分数：1.00）A.respect for authority plays a more important role in promotionB.western values have overwhelmed traditional Japanese attitudesC.colleagues are more closely related to
26、each other than beforeD.most Japanese workers are members of a single partyBefore a big exam, a sound nights sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studie
27、s cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then “edited“ at night, to flush away what is superfluous. To tell the difference, it is necessar
28、y to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when bra
29、in and body are active, heart rate and blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams. Dr
30、. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt ho
31、w to do this, their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a patternwhat is referred to as an “artificial grammar“. Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was
32、not. What is more, those with more to learn (i. e., the “grammar“, as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button) have more active brains. The “editing“ theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the e
33、xperimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep. The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the b
34、rain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door. （分数：4.00）(1).The
35、phrase “poring over“ in the first sentence of the passage may be best interpreted as _. （分数：1.00）A.looking interestingly atB.learning without hesitationC.studying with close attentionD.memorizing with a fast pace(2).The reason why sleep is good for the memory _. （分数：1.00）A.is to be clarified by beha
36、vioral psychologyB.is rooted in its function of relaxing the brainC.lies in its contribution to the formation of lasting memoriesD.stems from its compiling memories and ridding things unwanted(3).The experimenters found that their subjects _. （分数：1.00）A.learned quickly how to respond to the light st
37、imuliB.picked up the “artificial grammar“ during their REM sleepC.pushed the button faster in the absence of the light patternD.increased their response time as they learnt the “artificial grammar“(4).The Belgian group reached the conclusion that _. （分数：1.00）A.the brain works more efficiently by kno
38、wing a set pattern of thingsB.the second theory failed to cover all the brain responses during sleepC.REM sleep reactivates connections between the nerves and the memoryD.its beyond doubt that the subjects were learning in contrast to unlearningThe history of modern pollution problems shows that mos
39、t have resulted from negligence and ignorance. We have a shocking tendency to interfere with nature before all of the possible consequences of our actions have been studied in depth. We produce and distribute radioactive substances, synthetic chemicals, and many of other powerful compounds before fu
40、lly comprehending their effects on living organisms. Our education is dangerously incomplete. It will be argued that the purpose of science is to move into unknown territory, to explore, and to discover. It can be said that similar risks have been taken before, and those risks are necessary to techn
41、ological progress. These arguments overlook an important element. In the past, risks taken in the name of scientific progress were restricted to a small place and a brief period of time. The effects of the processes we now strive to master are neither localized nor brief. Air pollution covers vast u
42、rban areas. Ocean pollutants have been discovered in nearly every part of the world. Synthetic chemicals spread over huge stretches of forest and farmland may remain in the soil for decades. Radioactive pollutants will be found in the biosphere for generations. The size and persistence of these prob
43、lems have grown with the expanding power of modern science. One might also argue that the hazards of modern pollutants are small compared with the dangers associated with other human activity. No estimate of the actual harm done by smog, fallout, or chemical residues can obscure the reality that the
44、 risks are being taken before being fully understood. The importance of these issues lies in the failure of science to predict and control human intervention into natural processes. The true measure of danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology witho
45、ut first evaluating our responsibility to the environment. （分数：4.00）(1).According to the author, the major cause of pollution is the result of _. （分数：1.00）A.a strong desire to move into unknown territoryB.a lack of understanding the history of technologyC.designing synthetic chemicals to kill living
46、 organismsD.changing our environment without fully considering risks(2).According to the passage, the risks brought about by modern science are greater than those by earlier scientific efforts because _. （分数：1.00）A.the effects may be felt by more people for a longer timeB.technology has produced mor
47、e dangerous chemicalsC.science is progressing faster than ever beforeD.the modern pollutants have been localized(3).In the authors opinion, the key to the settlement of the modern pollution lies in _. （分数：1.00）A.the expansion of modern scienceB.the disposal of potential pollutantsC.the awareness of
48、our responsibilityD.the human interference with nature(4).It can be inferred that the attitude of scientists towards pollution has been _. （分数：1.00）A.naiveB.concernedC.worriedD.nonchalantCrimes by children have been rising at a faster rate than the juvenile population. About half of such crimes invo
49、lve the traditional offenses of the theft, breaking and entering, and vandalism, but serious, violent crimes are going up at a startling rate. The rate of armed robbery, rape, and murder by juveniles had doubled in a decade. If all the needs of the adolescent could be met adequately and without delay, without violating laws, there would be no point in violation, and a minimum of internal, indirect, and direct control would suffice to secure conformity. The objection may be made that many violations are committed
