1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 103 及答案解析(总分：32.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：32.00)Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information an
2、d use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amate
3、urs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur“ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, w
4、ith its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the developme
5、nt of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century
6、, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to purs
7、ue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geolog
8、ical journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within o
9、ne or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full c
10、onsequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.（分数：8.00）(1).The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences suc
11、h as_.（分数：2.00）A.sociology and chemistryB.physics and psychologyC.sociology and psychologyD.physics and chemistry(2).We can infer from the passage that_.（分数：2.00）A.there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisationB.amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of sci
12、enceC.professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific communityD.amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones(3).The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate_.（分数：2.00）A.the process of specialization and professionalisationB.the hardship of amateurs in sci
13、entific studyC.the change of policies in scientific publicationsD.the discrimination of professionals against amateurs(4).The direct reason for specialization is_.（分数：2.00）A.the development in communicationB.the growth of professionalisationC.the expansion of scientific knowledgeD.the splitting up o
14、f academic societiesA great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital dividethe division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then
15、, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access af
16、ter all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe t
17、he digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that weve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isnt the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the o
18、nly tool we have. But it has enormous potential. To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well
19、study the history of infrastructure(the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. And that is why Americas Second Wave infrastructure including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so
20、 on were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britains former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere el
21、se for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off youre going to be. That doesnt mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean r
22、ecognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.（分数：8.00）(1).Digital divide is something_.（分数：2.00）A.getting worse because of the InternetB.the rich countries are responsible forC.the world must guard againstD.cons
23、idered positive today(2).Governments attach importance to the Internet because it_.（分数：2.00）A.offers economic potentialsB.can bring foreign fundsC.can soon wipe out world povertyD.connects people all over the world(3).The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of_.（分数：2
24、.00）A.providing financial support overseasB.preventing foreign capitals controlC.building industrial infrastructureD.accepting foreign investment(4).It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on_.（分数：2.00）A.how well developed it is electronicallyB.whether it is prejudiced against immigrantsC.
25、whether it adopts Americas industrial patternD.how much control it has over foreign corporationsWhy do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysi
26、s known as the journalism credibility project. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. But the sources of distru
27、st go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns)into which they plug each days events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusi
28、ng news. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates“ of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one
29、 large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedes, and trade stocks, and theyre less likely to go to
30、 church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isnt rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skill
31、s but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a cr
32、edibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on rac
33、e and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.（分数：8.00）(1).What is the passage mainly about?（分数：2.00）A.Needs of the readers all over the world.B.Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.C.Origins of the declining newspaper industry.D.Aim
34、s of a journalism credibility project.(2).The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be_.（分数：2.00）A.quite trustworthyB.somewhat contradictoryC.very illuminatingD.rather superficial(3).The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their_.（分数：2.00）A.working
35、 attitudeB.conventional lifestyleC.world outlookD.educational background(4).Despite its efforts, he newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_.（分数：2.00）A.failure to realize its real problemB.tendency to hire annoying reportersC.likeliness to do inaccurate reportingD.prejudice
36、in matters of race and genderThe world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions never witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Wo
37、nt the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?“ Theres no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidl
38、y. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. T
39、his phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become accep
40、table to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has b
41、een reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either prof
42、essional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Alth
43、ough the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period fo
44、r this change in the structure of science.（分数：8.00）(1).The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_.（分数：2.00）A.sociology and chemistryB.physics and psychologyC.sociology and psychologyD.physics and chemistry 解析：解析：本题可参照文章的第 2 段。从文章第 2 段倒数两句话可知，19 世
45、纪专业分工的发展加上时间更长、内容更复杂的培训，暗示了业余人员参与科学研究将会碰到更多的问题。这一趋势在以数学或实验室培训为基础的科学领域里自然表现得尤为突出。英国地质学的发展可以阐明这种趋势。据此可知，19世纪专业化的发展在那些以数学或实验室训练为基础的科学领域可能看得更清晰。D 项与文章的意思相符，因此 D 项为正确答案。(2).We can infer from the passage that_.（分数：2.00）A.there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisationB.amateurs
46、can compete with professionals in some areas of science C.professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific communityD.amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones解析：解析：从文章第 3 段的内容可知，在 19 世纪，区域地质学研究本身象征着有价值的科研活动；但是，在 20 世纪，区域地质学研究只有收编并仔细考虑更广泛的地质学问题，才会逐渐被专业人员接受；另一方面，业余人员继续以其熟悉
47、的方式从事地方地质学研究。据此可知，业余人员可以在某些研究领域同专业人员竞争。B 项与文章的意思相符，因此 B 项为正确答案。(3).The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate_.（分数：2.00）A.the process of specialization and professionalisation B.the hardship of amateurs in scientific studyC.the change of policies in scientific publicationsD.the d
48、iscrimination of professionals against amateurs解析：解析：从文章第 2 段的最后一句话可知，这一趋势在以数学或实验室培训为基础的科学领域里自然表现得尤为突出。英国地质学的发展可以阐明这种趋势；从第 3 段的内容可知，比较一下英国最近一个半世纪的地质学方面的刊物，人们发现，不仅研究的重要性愈来愈受到强调，并且，学术论文的出版标准亦在不断改变。在 19 世纪，区域地质学研究本身象征着有价值的科研活动；但是，在 20 世纪，区域研究只有收编并仔细考虑更广泛地地质学问题，才会逐渐被专业人员接受。另一方面，业余人员继续以其熟悉的的方式从事区域研究。其结果导
49、致了业余人员在专业地质刊物上发表论文更加困难。19 世纪的国家级杂志和 20 世纪的几家地方地质杂志评审制度先后地广泛引进，促使该问题表现得更为明显。这一发展的必然结果是，导致分别出现了以专业读者或业余读者为主要对象的刊物。另一相似的分化进程是，全国专业地质学者会聚一堂，组成一两个专业协会，与之相反，业余人员要么倾向于占据地方学会，要么就以其他方式在全国范围内联合。据此可知，作者利用地质学发展的例子是为了说明业余人员与专业学者之间的分化过程。A 项与文章的意思相符，因此 A 项为正确答案。(4).The direct reason for specialization is_.（分数：2.00）A.the development in communicationB.the growth of professionalisationC.the expansion of scientific knowledge D.the splitting up of academic societies解析：解析：本题可参照文章的第 1 段。从中可知，专业化可以被看作是对科学知识不断增加问题的应对之
