1、2014 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷） 英语 第 I 卷 II. Grammar and vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other
2、 blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. (A) My Stay in New York After graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)_I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) _ (earn) some money to pay the
3、daily expenses, I started work in a local caf as a waiter. I believe that (27) _ _ _ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once. Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) _ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not me
4、t with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) _ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) _my mother had told me was deeply rooted in
5、my mind. I just did as she had expected. Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) _ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to m
6、y small town. Not until I returned (32) _I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me. 解析： 25. 本题考查非限定性定语从句。由于先行词为 New York，故填关系副词 where 引导定语从句，同时在从句中做状语。 26. 本题考查不定 式在句中做目的状语。根据后面内容 some money to pay the daily expenses（一些钱来支付日常费用）可知，是为了赚钱，故填 To earn。 27. 本题考查状语从句的连词。根据设空以及后面内容 I was offered
7、 a good position, I would resign at once（我被提供一个好职位，我就马上辞职）的逻辑关系可知，这里填“一就”或“只要”。故此处填 as soon as 或 as long as。 28. 本题考查过去分词表示“人的心理 感受”。句意为：经过一段时间，高额的生活费用成了我本来就已经疲惫的肩膀上的负担。故填 exhausted。 29. 本题考查条件状从句的连词。根据句意 I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city“我想要一个更好的职业发展，我就不得不在城
8、市里找工作”可知，前句表示条件，故填 if。 30. 本题考查名词性从句的连词。根据句式结构可知，本句是一个主语从句做主语，而连词又在从句中做动词 had told 的宾语，故填连接代词 what。 31. 本题考查短语 have difficulty in doing sth 的搭配，故本空填 adapting。 32. 本题考查倒装句。由于从句 Not until I returned 位于句首，且有否定词，因此句子用部分倒装结构，再根据句子的时态 -一般过去时，故填 did。 答案： 25. where 26. To earn 27. as soon as / as long as 28
9、. exhausted 29. if 30. what 31. adapting 32. did (B) The giant vending machine (自动售货机 ) is a new village shop. Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the countrys first automatic push-button shop. Now reside
10、nts in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week. Peter Fox, who is (33)_electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)_ (equip) with securing cameras and
11、alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window. Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)_ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities. He said:“ I had this idea
12、a few years ago but I couldnt find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)_. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far (37)_ (appropriate) In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)_
13、force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)_ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores. Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volu
14、nteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)_these villages without a local shop. 解析： 33. 本题考查冠词用法。由于 engineer 是可数名词，而 electrical 前面为元音读音，故该空填不定冠词 an。 34. 本题考查动词的时态和语态。根据 and looks like a mini shop 可知：首先本句用的是一般现在 时；其次本句是并列谓语结构；又由于 The machine 和 equip 是动宾关系，故该空填该动词的
15、一般现在时的被动语态 is equipped。 35. 本题考查非限定性定语从句。根据句式结构可看出，这是一个非限定性定语从句，而空中所缺的成分既代替先行词 his invention，又在从句中做主语，故用关系代词 which。 36. 本题考查反身代词。根据前句 I couldnt find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted可以推断“所以我自己做”。故填 myself。 37. 本题考查形容词比较级。该自动售货机英语为 huge outdoor vending machine，但是作者认为用术语 the term “automati
16、c shop”相比之下应是“较合适”，即用比较级形式。由于appropriate 为多音节形容词，故前面加 more。 38. 本题考查动词时态。根据时间状语 In recent years 可知，该句用现在完成时。故正确答案为 has forced。 39. 本题考查现在分词做结果状语。根据前句 about 400 village shops closed 句意“大约 400 家村店关闭”可以看出结果是“促使当地政府给挣扎的村店提供经济支持”，故用现在分词 urging。 40. 本题考查介词用法。根据短语 offer sth. to sb./ sth.可知，该空填 to。 答案： 33.
17、an 34. is equipped 35. which 36. myself 37. more appropriate 38. has forced 39. urging 40. to Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. Lets say youve decided you want to eat mo
18、re healthfully. However, you dont have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 41 at the supermarket. Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldnt it? This is where a choice architect can help 43 some of the burden of doing it all your
19、self. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled upis a choice architect. Governments dont have to 44
20、 healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, wit
21、hout removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with 45 hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives. The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called traffic light system to 46 foods as healthy or unhealthy. This
22、 means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47 by looking at the lights on the package. A green light 48 that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be 49 ; and red means that the food is high in at
23、least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in 50 . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose. 解析： 41. 本题考查名词搭配。由于在超市里，所以是阅读食物标签（ labels）。故选 G。 42. 本题考查动词短语搭配。根据所给词汇以及 yourself to a healthier lifestyle，只有 commit yourself to（承诺）符合句意。故选 C。
24、43. 本题考查动词用法。根据后面内容 some of the burden of doing it all yourself 以及前面动词 help 可知此空应填 relieve（减轻），构成“能够有助于减轻独自做这事的一些负担”。故选 I。 44. 本题考查动词用法。根据句子逻辑，此句意思为“政府不必通过法律来强加（ impose）更健康的生活方式，如戒烟”。故选 F。 45. 本题考查形容词用法。根据设空，本空填形容词，而 alert（警觉的）不符合句意，只有gentle（文雅的）符合句意。故选 E。 46. 本题考查动词短 语用法。本句句意为“英国和瑞典政府引进了所谓的交通灯系统来吧食
25、物分类为健康的或不健康的”，短语 classify as表示“把分类为”，故选 B。 47. 本题考查副词用法。根据 customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47 by looking at the lights on the package（顾客们只要看包装上的指示灯一眼就能看出每一个产品含有多少脂肪、糖和盐） 可知，此空填 simply。故选 K。 48. 本题考查动词用法。由于空后 所接的是宾语从句，所以该空填及物动词，结合后面indicates 的 意思可知，该空
26、填 signals（表示）。故选 J。 49. 本题考查形容词用法。根据前面“绿灯表示三种营养的量是健康的”可知“黄灯表示三种营养的量可能有问题”，因此消费者应当留心（ alert）。故选 A。 50. 本题考查名词词义。根据句子 red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients（红灯意味着至少三个营养中的一个是高的）可知，这样的食物应当有节制地（ in moderation）吃。故选 H。 答案： 41. G 42. C 43.1 44. F 45. E 46. B 47. K 48. J 49. A
27、 50. H III. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with d
28、iscussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films weve just watched or books weve just finished reading, but plain and simple 51 . Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 52 do with it? We gossip. About others behaviour and private live
29、s, such as whos doing what with whom, whos in and whos out-and why; how to deal with difficult 53 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues. So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 54 , of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid f
30、acing up to the really important issues of life? Its not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 55 issues. Dunbar 56 the traditional view that language was develope
31、d by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We dont spend two-thirds of o
32、ur time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar 57 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip. Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 58 of the higher primates（灵长类动物） like monkeys. By means of grooming-cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form
33、 groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 59 from outside it. As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 60 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together m
34、ade sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 61 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 62 the pressure and calm everybody down. But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in groomi
35、ng activities also had to be 63 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 64 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的） grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals
36、 than would be possible by one-to-one 65 contact. 51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language 解析： 根据下文 We gossip 可知，人们大多数时候都在谈八卦。 答案： C 52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally 解析： 本题考查副词词义。 occasionally 意为“偶尔地”； habitually 意为“惯常地”； independently 意为“独立地”； originally 意为“
37、起初”。原句为“我们通常用语言来干什么”故选 B。 答案： B 53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural 解析： 根据下文“ children, lovers, and colleagues”可知，本句是要表达应该怎样应对不同的社会情境，故选 A。 答案： A 54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters 解析： 由下文的“ we talk a lot about nothing in particular”可知，我们经常说一些无用的话，滥用 语言， waster 更符合句意，故选
38、D。 答案： D 55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult 解析： 由上文“ Its not the case ”可知， Professor Robin Dunbar 认为 gossip 是很重要的事，故选 A。 答案： A 56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens 解析： 由下文中“ instead ”可知， Professor Robin Dunbar 不认同传统的观点， reject 表示“排斥，拒绝”，故选 B。 答案： B 57. A. for instance B. i
39、n addition C. on the contrary D. as a result 解析： 由 argue 可知， Dunbar 的观点与传统观点相反， for instance 表示“例如”； in addition 表示“此外”； on the contrary 表示“相反地”； as a result 表示“因此”故选 C。 答案： C 58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour 解析： 结合下文可知，研究的是灵长类动物的行为，故选 D。 答案： D 59. A. attack B. contact C. insp
40、ection D. assistance 解析： 根据句意可知，猴子们形成团体是为了在内部发生争端和外部攻击时寻求支持，故选A。 答案： A 60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses 解析： 本题考查动词词义。 recall 表示“回想”； deny 表示“否定”； conclude 表示“总结”；confess 表示“承认”根据句意，选 C。 答案； C 61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection 解析： 由上文 59 空“ monkeys form g
41、roups ”可知，人们组成团体是为了寻求保护，团体越大，保护力度也越大。故选 D。 答案： D 62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease 解析： 结合上下文，此空应填表示“减轻，延缓”的词，故选 D。 答案： D 63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained 解析： 根据上下文，此空应填表示“增加，延长”的词，故选 B。 答案： B 64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. Thoughtful 解析： 由上文 maintain its effective
42、ness 可知，应填 effective（有效的），故选 B。 答案： B 65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secret 解析： 结合全文，本文强调了语言作用，强调在语言在人类发展过程中比身体接触更有效，故选 C。 答案： C Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four c
43、hoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals cant talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and beh
44、avior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive. Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover som
45、etimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物） gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the hurt adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest. Another kind of bird, the sc
46、rub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else. Birds called cuck
47、oos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They dont make nests. Instead, they get into other birds nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them. Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to
