1、考研英语-119 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Formal economic forecasting is usually based on aU (1) /Utheory as to how the economy works. Some theories are complicated, and their application requires an elaborateU (2) /Uof cause and effect. Others are relatively simple,U (3) /
2、Umost developments in the economy to one or two basic factors. Many economists, for example, believe that changes in the supply of moneyU (4) /Uthe rate of growth of general business activity. OthersU (5) /Ua central role to investment in new facilities- housing, industrial plants, highways, and so
3、forth. In the United States, where consumersU (6) /Usuch a large share of economic activity, some economy believe that consumer decisions toU (7) /Uor save provide the principalU (8) /Uto the future course of the entire economy. Obviously the theory that a forecaster applies is ofU (9) /Uimportance
4、to the forecasting process; itU (10) /Uhis line of investigation, the statistics he will regard as most important, and many of the techniques he will apply.Although economic theory may determine the generalU (11) /Uof a forecast, judgment also often plays an important role. A forecaster may decide t
5、hat the circumstances of the moment areU (12) /Uand that a forecast produced by theU (13) /Ustatistical methods should be modified to take account of special current circumstances. This is particularly necessary when some event outside the Usual run of economic activity has an aU (14) /Ueconomic eff
6、ect. For example, forecasts of 1987 economic activity in the United States were more accurate when the analyst correctly foresaw that the exchange value of the dollar wouldU (15) /Usharply during the year that consumer spending would slacken, and thatU (16) /Urates would rise only moderately. None o
7、f these conclusions followedU (17) /Upurely economic analysis; they all required judgment as to future decisionsU (18) /U, an economist may decide to adjust an economic forecast that was made by traditional methods to take account of other uniqueU (19) /U; he may, for example, decide that consumers
8、willU (20) /Utheir spending patterns because of special circumstances such as rising price of imports or fear of threatened shortages.（分数：10.00）A.specificB.peculiarC.uniqueD.unifiedA.trailB.trapC.trackingD.tracingA.claimingB.ascribingC.referringD.creditingA.resolveB.determineC.settleD.concludeA.appo
9、intB.distributeC.assignD.dictateA.account forB.comprise upC.make up ofD.consist ofA.wasteB.investC.purchaseD.economizeA.symptomsB.cluesC.evidencesD.signalsA.secondaryB.criticalC.minorD.remarkableA.instructsB.ordersC.affectsD.dictatesA.outlineB.shapeC.profileD.diagramA.oddB.strangeC.uniqueD.commonA.s
10、pecificB.regularC.usualD.particularA.sureB.avoidableC.positiveD.inevitableA.expandB.declineC.increaseD.deviateA.assetB.capitalC.interestD.profitA.throughB.upC.inD.onA.ObviouslyB.OccasionallyC.ConsequentlyD.SimilarlyA.settingB.conditionsC.surroundingsD.backgroundA.quitB.alterC.preserveD.invent二、BSect
11、ion Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BText 1/BA cramped public-school test kitchen might seem an unlikely outpost for a food revolution. But Collazo, executive chef for the New York City public schools, and scores of others across the country - celebrity chefs and lunch ladies, district superintendents and poli
12、ticians - say theyre determined to improve what kids eat in school. Nearly everyone agrees something must be done. Most school cafeterias are staffed by poorly trained, badly equipped workers who churn out 4.8 billion hot lunches a year. Often the meals, produced for about $1 each, consist of breade
13、d meat patties, French fries and overcooked vegetables. So the kids buy muffins, cookies and ice cream instead - or they feast on fast food from McDonalds, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell, which is available in more than half the schools in the nation. Vending machines packed with sodas and candy line the h
14、all ways. “Were killing our kids“ with the food we serve, says Texas Education Commissioner Susan Combs. As rates of childhood obesity and diabetes skyrocket, public-health officials say schools need to change the way kids eat. It wont be easy. Some kids and their parents dont know better. Home cook
15、ing is becoming a forgotten art. And fast-food companies now spend $ 3 billion a year on television ads aimed at children. Along with reading and writing, schools need to teach kids What to eat to stay healthy, says culinary innovator Alice Waters, who is introducing gardening and fresh produce to 1
16、6 schools in California. Its a golden opportunity, she says, “to affect the way children eat for the rest of their lives.“ Last year star English chef Jamie Oliver took over a school cafeteria in a working-class suburb of London. A documentary about his work shamed the British government into spendi
17、ng $ 500 million to revamp the nations school-food program. Oliver says its the United States turn now. “If you can put a man on the moon,“ he says, “you can give kids the food they need to make them lighter, fitter and live longer.“Changing school food will take money. Many schools administrators a
18、re hooked on the easy cash- up to $ 75,000 annually - that soda and candy vending machines can bring in. Three years ago Gary Hirshberg of Concord, N. H., was appalled when his 13-year-old son described his daytime meal - pizza, chocolate milk and a package of Skittles. “I wasnt aware Skittles was a
19、 food group,“ says Hirshberg, CEO of Stonyfield Farm, a yogurt company. So he devised a vending machine that stocks healthy snacks: yogurt smoothies, fruit leathers and whole-wheat pretzels. So far 41 schools in California, Illinois and Washington are using his machines - and a thousand more have re
20、quested them. Hirshberg says, “schools have to make good food a priority.“Some states are trying. California, New York and Texas have passed new laws that limit junk food sold on school grounds. Districts in California, New Mexico and Washington have begun buying produce from local farms. The soda a
21、nd candy in the vending machines have been replaced by juice and beef jerky. “Its not perfect,“ says Jannison. But its a cause worth fighting for, Even if she has to battle one chip at a time.（分数：10.00）(1).From paragraph 1, we learn that（分数：2.00）A.most American school cafeterias are well functional.
22、B.more than half the schools have McDonald chains.C.to change school food has been agreed by nearly everyone.D.fast food restaurants are beneficial supplements to school cafeterias.(2).Which is one of the difficulties to change the way children eat?（分数：2.00）A.Some public-health officials think its i
23、mpossible.B.There are less and less home-cooking in the country.C.Many parents are not aware of the importance to cook better meals.D.Fast-food companies are not investing enough in new food for children.(3).We can infer from Para. 2 that Jamier Oliver thinks（分数：2.00）A.its schools responsibility to
24、teach kids what to eat.B.the U.S should revamp the nations school-food program early.C.to change the way kids eat is equal to putting a man on the moon.D.its possible to change the way kids eat although its difficult.(4).Gary Hirshberg made a new type of vending machine in order to（分数：2.00）A.earn mu
25、ch more money for his company.B.reduce school expenditure on those low-nutrition food.C.replace the traditional snacks as they are harmful to kids.D.promote a new kind of yogurt product.(5).What is the main idea of the text?（分数：2.00）A.Politicians are paying more attention to the food of students.B.S
26、chools are reluctant to change the food structure at present.C.There are a lot of difficulties in changing school food.D.It is high time to improve school food and many efforts have been made.BText 2/BWhen a customer claimed to have found a severed finger in a bowl of chilli served at a Wendys fast-
27、food franchise in California, the chains sales fell by half in the San Jos area where the incident was reported. Wendys brand and reputation were at risk, until the claim was exposed as a hoax in late April and the company, operator of Americas third-biggest hamburger chain, was vindicated.Yet the s
28、hare price of Wendys International, the parent company, rose steadily through March and April, despite the finger furore and downgrades from analysts. One reason was heavy buying by hedge funds, led by Pershing Square Capital. This week Pershing made its intentions public, saying that it was worried
29、 by market rumours that Wendys might soon buy more fast-food brands, and arguing that the firm should be selling assets instead. Pershings approach indicates rising pressure on American restaurant companies to perform, at a time when the industrys growth prospects look increasingly tough.The hit on
30、customers wallets from higher petrol prices and rising interest rates will probably mean that year-on-year sales growth across the American restaurant industry slows to just 1% by the fourth quarter of 2005, down from a five-year historic average of 5.6%, say UBS, an investment bank, and Global Insi
31、ght, a forecasting group. Looking further ahead, says UBSs David Palmer, the industry may have to stop relying on most of the long-term trends that were behind much of its recent growth.Three-quarters of Americans already live within three miles of a McDonalds restaurant, leaving little scope for gr
32、een-field growth. Obesity is a growing issue in America, and with it come the threat of liability lawsuits against big restaurant chains and, perhaps, legal limits on advertising. This week Americas biggest food trade group, the Grocery Manufacturers Association, was said to be preparing tougher gui
33、delines on the marketing of food to children, in the hope of staving off statutory controls. Home cooking may also be making a comeback, helped by two factors. The percentage of women joining Americas workforce may have peaked, and supermarket chains such as Wal-Mart have been forcing down retail fo
34、od prices.Expansion overseas is one option for American restaurant chains. Burger King, the privately owned number two hamburger chain, opened its first outlet in China last month, apparently aiming to maintain strong growth ahead of an initial public offering next year. McDonalds has 600 outlets in
35、 China and plans 400 more. But at home, the future seems to hold only an ever more competitive and cost-conscious restaurant industry. Fast-food chains are trying to poach customers from “casual dining“ chains (such as Applebees Neighborhood Grill), while those chains are squeezing out independent r
36、estaurants unable to compete on cost or in marketing clout. Business conditions, not severed fingers, are the real threat to the weaker firms in the restaurant business.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “hoax“ (line 4, paragraph 1) probably means（分数：2.00）A.truth.B.joke.C.revenge.D.warn.(2).Why did the share pr
37、ice of Wendys International rise steadily after the “severed finger“ incident?（分数：2.00）A.The womans claim was reported as a mistake.B.Wendys is Americans third-biggest hamburger chain.C.Pershing Square Capital bought a large amount of its shares.D.Wendys will buy more fast-food brands and assets.(3)
38、.From paragraph 4 we can infer that（分数：2.00）A.there is one McDonalds restaurant every three miles.B.to limit advertising of food to children is a way to avoid obesity.C.home cooking may prevent women from joining Americas workforce.D.Wal-Mart can raise the fo6d prices by its large scale.(4).How can
39、American restaurant chains accelerate their business?（分数：2.00）A.To improve the quality of their products and services.B.To raise their share prices with the help of some hedge funds.C.To invest more money in advertising especially to children.D.To expand their business scope overseas.(5).Which state
40、ment is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Americas restaurant industry is growing steadily.B.Wendys International is threatened severely by Burger King and McDonaldC.Fast-food chains are facing more competitive market inside America.D.UBS and Global Insight are planning to help restaurant indust
41、ry get out of difficulties.BText 3/BOne of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing
42、life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unclean, sanity ones. In the latter case, alcohol drinking is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of ple
43、asure generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. Afte
44、r an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience
45、 should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of re
46、ducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves
47、 become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol
48、is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or leer, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning the
49、ory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.（分数：10.00）(1).Congers experiment with two group
